2023高考语法系列十 动词的时态
重难点分析
高考语法填空中通常把时态和语境结合起来考查。题干中往往没有明确的时间状语，需要考生搜索出时间参照信息。谓语动词的时态和语态是每年高考语法填空的必考点！因为掌握好时态极为重要。英语有16种时态，中学阶段常用的是10种（也是本专题需要讲解的10种）。
一、动词的基本形式一览表
形式
变化规则
构成方法
例词
原形
see, finish, teach, touch
现在时第三人称单数形式
一般情况
加-s
look—looks, write—writes
以ch, sh, s, x结尾
加-es
teach—teaches, finish—finishes, guess—guesses, mix—mixes
以o结尾
加-es
do—does, go—goes
以“辅音字母+y”结尾
变y为i，加-es
try—tries, cry—cries
过去式、过去分词规则变化
一般情况
加-ed
stay—stayed, look—looked
以不发音e结尾
直接加-d
decide—decided, hope—hoped
以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母
双写这个辅音字母再加-ed
stop—stopped, admit—admitted
以“辅音字母+y”结尾
变y为i，加-ed
carry—carried, try—tried
现在分词
一般情况
加-ing
go—going, read—reading
以不发音e结尾
去e，再加-ing
have—having, write—writing
以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母
双写这个辅音字母再加-ing
cut—cutting, run—running
二、常用的10种动词时态的构成及其常用时间状语一览表
时态
构成
常用时间状语
一般现在时
动词原形(第三人称单数)
always, usually, often, sometimes, every等
一般过去时
动词过去式
yesterday, the day before yesterday, the other day, last…, …ago等
一般将来时
will(shall)+动词原形
tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next…, in…day等
be going to+动词原形
be about to+动词原形
过去将来时
would+动词原形
多用于间接引语的宾语从句中
现在进行时
am(is, are)+现在分词
now, during these days等
过去进行时
was(were)+现在分词
at eight yesterday, at this time yesterday等
将来进行时
will(shall)+be+现在分词
at eight tomorrow, at this time tomorrow等
现在完成时
have(has)+过去分词
already, just, yet, since, for等
过去完成时
had+过去分词
by…, before等
现在完成进行时
have(has)+been+现在分词
for…, since…等
三、注意以下几种时态的区别
1. 一般过去时和现在完成时
(1) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，常和表过去的时间状语连用，即仅谈过去，不谈现在。如：
I wrote a letter this morning. 今天早上我写了一封信。(只说明写过一封信的事实，现在不是早上了)
(2) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或状态，但和现在有联系，可能刚结束，也可能继续下去。不能和表过去的时间状语连用，译成汉语时可加“已经”。如：
I have written a letter this morning. 今天早上我已经写了一封信。(已经写了一封信，有继续写第二封的可能，现在还是早上)
2. 一般过去时和过去进行时
(1) 一般过去时侧重于说明发生某动作的事实。如：
It rained heavily last night. 昨晚下的雨很大。(强调下雨，并不强调持续时间)
(2) 过去进行时侧重于强调在过去某个特定时间某动作的持续过程或表示动作正在进行。如：
It was raining cats and dogs last night. 昨晚一直在下倾盆大雨。(强调没停，一直持续)
3. 现在完成时和现在完成进行时
(1) 现在完成时在含义上着重表示动作的结果。如：
I have read the book. 我已经读了那本书。(已读完)
(2) 现在完成进行时着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性。如：
I have been reading that book all the morning. 今天早上我一直在读那本书。(还没读完)
考点练透
一、单句填空 用所给动词或根据汉语提示填入动词的正确形式。
1. (1) — Remember the first time we __________ (meet)?
— Of course. You __________ (study) in Beijing University then.
(2) Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School, where she __________ (study) English for a year.
2. (1) The government __________ two factories in this region since the end of last year.
(2) The government __________ two factories in this region by the end of this year. (build)
3. (1) It __________ ten years since we left school.
(2) It __________ two years before we leave school. (be)
4. They __________ (work) on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we __________ (still work) on it as no good results have come out so far.
5. The pen I __________ (think) I __________ (lose) is on my desk, right under my nose.
6. If their marketing plans succeed, they __________ (increase) their sales by 20 percent.
7. She said that it __________ (be) the second time she __________ (see) the film.
8. I don’t really work here. I __________ (just help) out until the new secretary arrives.
9. Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 2039 __________ (take) off at 18:40.
10. — How are you today?
— Oh, I __________ (not feel) as ill as I do now for a very long time.
11. (1) My good friend __________ from Guangdong.
(2) My good friend __________ from Guangdong last week. (come)
12. (1) Where __________ (be) you? (你在哪儿？)
(2) Where __________ you __________? (be) (你去了哪？)
(3) Where __________ he __________? (go) (他去哪了？)
13. (1) Mr. John __________ (teach) English in China for two years. (不在中国了)
(2) Mr. John __________ (teach) English in China for two years. (也许仍在中国)
14. (1) I __________ (read) that novel. (读过那本小说了)
(2) I __________ (read) that novel all the morning. (一直在读那本小说)
15. (1) When I got there, he __________ the work. (做完那工作了)
(2) When I got there, he __________ the work carefully. (正在认真地做工作)
(3) When I got there, he __________ the work. (刚要做工作)
二、语篇填空 用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。
When he was a little boy, Christopher Cockerell once watched his mother turning the wheel of her sewing machine with her hand.
“Wouldn’t it work quickly if a machine 1 (turn) the wheel for you?” he asked.
“I suppose I would,” said his mother, without paying any attention to him.
Christopher 2 (know) she always had a lot of work, and he wanted to help. In his bedroom there was a toy steam-engine which his father 3 (buy) him as a gift. “I 4 (make) better use of it,” little Christopher said to himself. So, when his mother 5 (not use) her sewing machine, he fixed the toy steam-engine onto it. When the job 6 (finish), he was quite pleased, thinking his mother 7 (like) it.
“Very clever,” his mother said, when she saw it. Then she sad down and went on turning the wheel by hand. “I 8 (work) like this for too many years,” she explained.
This taught Christopher the lesson that anyone who 9 (try) to improve anything 10 (have) to learn: Many people don’t like new ideas.
三、语法填空 阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 3 ()
Lu’s parents got married after a competition of folk songs, a common and popular form of entertainment that took place before the 1 (exist) of television and mobile phones in the mountains. “But I didn’t like folk songs,” says Lu, “because people usually 2 (sing) when they were drunk. I thought it was not 3 proper behavior.”
After growing up and working in other cities, Lu 4 (gradual) understood his people’s love for the songs. “The older people can’t express their emotions 5 words, so they take the form of music.”
Yao people usually use folk songs 6 (celebrate) festivals and welcome guests from outside. Guests were rare, 7 there were no highways and people had to climb several mountains to reach another village. If somebody wanted to sell a pig on the market outside, all the local youngsters had to help transport 8 , as the roads were extremely steep and hard to travel.
“My grandmother went to perform in Nanning at the age of 102. she was very 9 (excite),” says Lu. “I want people to feel happiness in our 10 (song). That’s why I wish I could sing for as long as I have my voice.”
参考答案
考点练透
一、单句填空
1. met, were studying; has been studying 2. has built; will have built 3. has been; will be 4. had been working; are still working 5. thought; had lost 6. will increase 7. was; had seen 8. am just helping 9. takes 10. haven’t felt 11. comes; came 12. are; have, been; has, gone 13. taught; has taught 14. have read; have been reading 15. had done; was doing; was about to do
二、语篇填空
1. turned 2. knew 3. had bought 4. will/shall make 5. was not using 6. was finished 7. would like 8. have been working 9. tries 10. has
三、语法填空
本文讲述了一位瑶族年轻人从一开始不喜欢瑶族民乐到后来慢慢喜欢上本族音乐，并从中体会到其所特有的韵味：能增进彼此间感情，使人快乐。
1. existence 考查词类转换。在冠词the与介词of之间，应填名词。
2. sang 考查动词时态。根据上下文谓语动词的时态可知，用一般过去时。
3. a 考查冠词。设空处后面出现名词，考虑填冠词；再根据句意，此处泛指一种行为，故填a。
4. gradually 考查词类转换。修饰动词understood，应用副词。
5. in 考查介词。因in words为固定搭配，表示“用语言”表达他们的情感。
6. to celebrate 考查非谓语动词。句中已有谓语动词use，故celebrate应为非谓语动词；表示目的，用动词不定式to celebrate。
7. because/as 考查连词。前后两个是句子，应填连词；再根据句意可知，“这里没有高速公路，而且得翻越许多座高山才能到达另一村庄”是“客人很少”的原因，引导因果状语从句用because或as。
8. it 考查代词。因transport为及物动词，指代前文的a pig，在句中作宾语，故填it。
9. excited 考查非谓语动词。指“人”感到兴奋的，用excited。
10. songs 考查名词的数。指我们的歌，song应用复数。
