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【杨芳生活英语】13讲 如何从听懂到读懂英文文献

2022-04-26 12:07 作者:杨芳自习室  | 我要投稿

词汇表


 1 abbreviation    缩略,缩写;简称shortening something by omitting parts of it

 例句: What does the abbreviation WHO stand for?

2 affect   B2影响;侵袭;感染;打动have an influence upon 

 例句:Right now, why eating breakfast would have these effects isn’t totally clear, but it’s possible that people who skip it end up indulging more later in the day, which can affect their health.

3. association   B2协会;社团;联盟a formal organization of people or groups of people

 例句:This event was organized in association with a local school.

4. adjustment  B2 调整;调节;小改动the act of making something different

She made a few minor adjustments to the focus of her camera.

5. cholesterol  /kəˈles.tər.ɒl/     C1胆固醇a substance in the blood that can cause heart disease 

 例句:Influence of method of reporting study results on decision of physicians to prescribe drugs to lower cholesterol concentration.

6. cognitive  感知的;认知的;认识力的  relating to or involving the mental process of knowing

例句:And they didn’t find any relationship between kids’ breakfast consumption and their scores on a test of their cognitive reasoning ability. 认知推理能力

7 categorically 

/ˌkæt.əˈɡɒr.ɪ.kəl.i/绝对地,明确地,肯定地

in an absolute, definite, or firm manner

 

Top executives categorically denied that the bank was in trouble.

calorie

卡,卡路里(测量食物所含热量的单位)

unit of heat raising 1 gram of water by 1 degree centigrade

 

There are about 50 calories in an apple.

consuming

(感情)强烈的

very intense

 

Running is a consuming passion with him.

component

C1组成部分;成分;零部件

one of the individual parts making up a larger entity

 

The course has four main components: business law, finance, computing and management skills.

clinical

C1门诊的,临床的

relating to or based on direct observation of patients

 

She spent 15 years as a clinical psychologist with the Northumberland Health Authority.

caution

C1 谨慎,小心,慎重

C2告诫;提醒

judiciousness in avoiding harm or danger

The newspaper cautioned its readers against buying shares without getting good advice first.

composition

B2(音乐)作品,乐曲

the way in which someone or something is put together

I must quickly add that this is entirely based on personal principles, and is to be applied only to certain situations and compositions.

convince

B1  说服;使相信;使信服

make realize the truth or validity of something

Agricultural companies have failed to convince consumers that GM foods are safe.

conclude   C1(以…)结束(讲话、会议、文章等)bring to a close

Thus, it may be concluded that the training influenced the subjects' declarative knowledge, which also led to the development of their procedural knowledge.

consumption  C1消费量;消耗量the act of using something up

As a nation, our consumption of junk food is horrifying.

database  B2(计算机)资料库,数据库 an organized body of related information

You have to enter a password to access the database.

deprive  B2夺走,抢去,剥夺take away

Some parents deprive themselves of many pleasures so that their children can have the best of everything.

dietitian   饮食保健专家,营养学家,营养师a specialist in the study of nutrition

 They include guidance on the dietary treatment of the condition and the need for supervision by a dietitian.

explore

B1探测;勘查;探索;研究

travel to or penetrate into

Virtual Reality aims to give us artificial worlds to explore, outside normal space and time.

experimental

C2 实验(性)的,试验(性)的

of the nature of or undergoing a trial

 

The drug is still at the experimental stage (= is still being tested).

experiment

B1实验;试验;试用

the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation

Some people believe that experiments on animals should be banned.

enhance

C1提高;增加;增强;增进

increase

A number of our clients want to look younger to enhance their career prospects.

factor

B2因素;要素

anything that contributes causally to a result

 

People's voting habits are influenced by political, social and economic factors.

guarantee

B2保证;保修单,包换单

an unconditional commitment that something will happen

European Airlines guarantees its customers top-quality service.

habitual通常的;习惯性的

commonly used or practiced

Short and long-term effect of smoking on arterial-wall properties in habitual smokers.

highlight

B2

an area of brightness in a picture

 

The report highlights the need for improved safety.

individual

C2个人,个体;(思想或行为)与众不同的人,有个性的人

being or characteristic of a single thing or person

The new tax system would be calculated on the value of property owned by an individual.

irrespective

C2不考虑地,不顾地

in spite of everything; without regard to drawbacks

 

The legislation must be applied irrespective of someone's ethnic origins.

index

C1(书后关于主题、姓名等的)索引

alphabetical listing of names and topics with page numbers

Try looking up "heart disease" in the index.

indulge

C2(使)沉溺于;(尤指)放纵

yield to; give satisfaction to

Criminals are indulged as if they are sick, whereas the ill, the poor and the unfortunate are brutally punished.

joint

B2共有的,共享的;共同的

C2关节

junction by which parts or objects are linked together

From the application's point of view, the requirement was to deliver joint values whenever requested by the feeder.

mass

C1大量的;大规模的;大批的

the property of a body that causes it to have weight

During times of mass unemployment, there's a pool of cheap labour for employers to draw from.

nutrition

C1营养物质;营养,滋养

the organic process of nourishing or being nourished

 

Good nutrition is essential if patients are to make a quick recovery.

obese

C1肥胖的,臃肿的

excessively fat

 

She was not just overweight; she was clinically obese.

positive

B2有把握的,确信的,肯定的C2(医学检测)呈阳性的

characterized by or displaying affirmation or acceptance

Far from being a nuisance, she was a positive joy to have around.

Ratings for positive, negative and depressive symptoms were available for 40 of the patients.

philosophize

高谈阔论;卖弄大道理

reason or theorize about important and difficult issues

 

Students, she complained, had nothing better to do than spend whole days philosophizing about the nature of truth.

pattern

B2 方式,形式;模式

a repeated design, structure, or arrangement

A pattern is beginning to emerge from our analysis of the accident data.

psychological

B2心理的;心理学的

mental or emotional as opposed to physical in nature

He claims that the constant aircraft noise has a bad psychological effect on the residents.

potential

B2潜在的,可能的

existing in possibility

Of course we don't want to alarm people unnecessarily, but they should be alerted to potential dangers.

physical

B2

relating to the body 身体的

C2实物的;物质的;有形的

involving the body as distinguished from the mind or spirit     

We are concerned with the physical and psychological well-being of our employees.

profitable

B2有盈利的;有益的

yielding material gain

Gradually the items she sold were less and less capital intensive and less and less profitable.

prescribe

C2(医生)开(药),为…开(药),嘱咐(疗法)

issue commands or orders for

The law prescribes that all children must go to school.

questionnaire

B1问卷;情况调查表

a form with a set of queries to gain statistical information

例句: Visitors to the country have been asked to fill in a detailed questionnaire.

range

B1(一)批;(一)类;(一)系列

a variety of different things or activities

As an actor he could communicate a whole range of emotions.

randomize

使…随机化

arrange or organize by chance, without any order or plan

 

Thus, patients randomized to counseling have higher counseling costs at 12 months than those randomized to antidepressants and vice versa.

responsive

反应积极的;反应敏捷的

reacting to a stimulus

 

The disease has proved responsive to the new treatment.

random

C1任意的;随机的;胡乱的

lacking any definite plan or order or purpose

The security guards carried out random checks on people entering the building.

royal

B2国王的;女王的;王室的

of or relating to a king, queen, or other monarch

Acting as political hostesses was one way in which royal wives could make their mark.

regulate

C1控制,管理,调节,调整

bring into conformity with rules, principles, or usage

The government has introduced new laws to regulate the sale of firearms.

resource

B2资源;财力;素质

aid or support that may be drawn upon when needed

Britain's mineral resources include coal and gas deposits.

sensitivity

C1善解人意;体贴;体谅

responsiveness to emotional feelings

 

One of the side effects of the drug is an increased sensitivity to sunlight.

standardize

使标准化,使合乎标准

cause to conform to a norm

 

The profile summarizes key information about a product in a standardized format designed to make it easier to compare products.

specifically

C1特意,专门地

in distinction from others

Specifically, it is likely that experimental data will be needed to replicate and extend the current findings based here on observational data.

status

C1(尤指在社会中的)地位,身份

the condition or someone or something at a particular time

The association works to promote the status of retired people as useful members of the community.

trend

B1趋势,趋向;倾向

a general tendency to change, as of opinion

With an upward trend in inflation, you expect prices to rise.

tackle

B2对付,处理;与…交涉

seize and throw down an opponent player carrying the ball

However, this perspective allows certain problems to be tackled more easily.

typical

B1典型的,有代表性的

exhibiting the qualities that identify a group or kind

Typical symptoms would include severe headaches, vomiting and dizziness.

trial

B2审判,审理

the act of testing something

After the trial, his family said they had lost all faith in the judicial system.

variable

C1多变的;反复无常的

something that is likely to change

The data was analysed according to neighbourhoods, but other key variables like credit rating and marital status were ignored altogether.

variation

B2变化;变动

the process of being or becoming different

The medical tests showed some variation in the baby's heart rate.

 


Text 1

breakfast: The most important meal of the day?

Spence, Charles

DOI:10.1016/j.ijgfs.2017.01.003

Stating the obvious, we typically eat different foods at different times of day. But why should that be so? While much of this variation is likely down to cultural factors, the dietitians also have plenty to say on the matter of what we should be eating and drinking when, in order, for instance, to lose weight, or else to help enhance our cognitive performance during the course of the day.

In recent years, many of the larger food companies have become increasingly interested in trying either to break into the profitable, not to mention growing, market for breakfast foods, or else to figure out how to convince more consumers to eat 'breakfast foods' at other times of day.

In this review, I want to take a closer look at the psychological science behind the first meal of the day, highlighting why it may be even more important than most people think – both to the consumer but also the food industry more generally.

Finally, I summarize a number of the current trends in the kinds of breakfast items that are becoming more/less popular, and consider what may be driving them.

 

 


Text 2

Is breakfast the most important meal of the day?

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-nutrition-society/article/is-breakfast-the-most-important-meal-of-the-day/74DC8BF20CAF1D7D5E75CD46A35451F8

 

作者:JA betts,EA Chowdhury,JT Gonzalez,JD Richardson,K Tsintzas,D Thompson

 

The Bath breakfast Project is a series of randomised controlled trials exploring the effects of extended morning fasting on energy balance and health. These trials were categorically not designed to answer whether or not breakfast is the most important meal of the day. However, this review will philosophise about ❶the meaning of that question and❷ about what questions we should be asking to better understand the effects of breakfast, before summarising how individual components of energy balance and health respond to breakfast v. fasting in lean and obese adults.

Current evidence does not support a clear effect of regularly consuming or skipping breakfast on body mass/composition, metabolic rate or diet-induced thermogenesis. Findings regarding energy intake are variable, although the balance of evidence indicates some degree of compensatory feeding later in the day such that overall energy intake is either unaffected or slightly lower when breakfast is omitted from the diet. However, even if net energy intake is reduced, extended morning fasting may not result in expected weight loss due to compensatory adjustments in physical activity thermogenesis. Specifically, we report that both lean and obese adults expended less energy during the morning when remaining in the fasted state than when consuming a prescribed breakfast.

Further research is required to examine whether particular health markers may be responsive to breakfast-induced responses of individual components of energy balance irrespective of their net effect on energy balance and therefore body mass.

关键词:Fasting, Energy balance, Health, Thermogenesis生热作用,

Abbreviations DIT:  diet-induced thermogenesis

 

8–9 December 2015 The Joint Winter Meeting between the Nutrition Society and the Royal Society of Medicine The Royal Society of Medicine, London

DOI:10.1017/S0029665116000318

被引量:10  年份:2016

来自: Cambridge University Press

  

Video transcript: breakfast

It’s the most important meal of the day -- or so we’ve been told. But scientists has tackled whether or not this is really true, and the results have been mixed. One claim you’ve properly heard is that eating breakfast every day helps you lost weight, and there’s definitely evidence to support this. At least, to a degree.

In 2017, the American Heart Association reviewed the science on the effects of different eating patterns, searching databases for relevant studies and looking for big patterns in their findings. And they concluded that people who eat breakfast are less likely to be clinically obese.

So there you go!

But a lot of the studies this was based on just asked people to report their breakfast habits along with various other information about themselves. Without experimental data, there could be lots of other factors at play -- like, maybe people who skip breakfast also tend to be less active, or to eat poorer diets overall.

When researchers actually do experiments, the benefits of breakfast become less clear. For example, in 2016, researchers randomly assigned 23 people whose body mass indexes (BMI)were in the obese range to either eat breakfast or not for 6 weeks.

They didn’t standardize exactly what the first group had to eat, but it had to be at least 700 calories before 11AM. Regardless, the researchers didn’t find any difference between the two groups in their weight change during that time. And other studies have been kind of a mixed bag. So it’s hard to tell if breakfast has a guaranteed effect on weight one way or another, despite what lots of diet websites like to say. But hey, don’t give up on breakfast just yet -- weight loss isn’t the only potential benefit. That same American heart association report found that people who ate breakfast were less likely to have high cholesterol 胆固醇or high blood pressure or problems with their blood sugar. Even that 2016 experiment found that the group assigned to eat breakfast had increased insulin sensitivity at the end of the six weeks -- they needed less insulin in order to regulate their sensitivity at the end of the six weeks -- they needed less insulin in order to regulate their blood sugar, which is a good thing.  

Right now, why eating breakfast would have these effects isn’t totally clear, but it’s possible that people who skip it end up indulging more later in the day, which can affect their health.  Outside of weight loss and general health, one place where breakfast also gets a lot of emphasis is in schools. School breakfast programs are popular because we hope that they will help kids do better academically -- but even for this, the evidence is mixed.

A 2009 review of studies of school breakfast programs found that they can have a positive effect on academic performance, but that this may be partly just because they encourage performance, but this may just encourage kids to actually show up.

 And -- no surprise here -- the benefits of school breakfasts are greater for kids whose overall nutrition is poorer.

 Another group of researchers took a look at the evidence out there in 2013, and they concluded that habitually eating breakfast did help children stay on task in school and improved academic performance. But again, they cautioned that other factors could be getting mixed up in this, like socio-economic status -- kids who eat breakfast may also come from families that are better able to provide for them overall.

 Again, the problem is that a lot of these studies aren’t experimental: They are just comparing kids who already don’t eat breakfast with those that do. This limits how much they can actually tell us. For example, a 2015 study in Great Britain had 292 kids between the ages of 11 and 13 fill out questionnaire on their breakfast habits.

And they didn’t find any relationship between kids’ breakfast consumption and their scores on a test of their cognitive reasoning ability.

Some actual experiments would help clear this up, but it’s also not a great idea to deprive kids of breakfast if they want to eat it. So for now, we’ll have to work with what we have. Also, if you’re wondering what this all means for adults -- whether breakfast improves our performance at work -- well, sadly, this hasn’t been studied very much. Unlike schools, adults’ workplaces generally aren’t in the business of feeding them and don’t usually hand out easy-to-interpret test scores, so data is probably harder to come by. 

So what’s the takeaway here? If you’re the kind of person who eats breakfast, chances are you’re already someone who has the resources to take good care of yourself and eats well overall. So just starting your day with a hearty (丰盛的) breakfast if you don’t already won’t magically fix everything that’s wrong in your life. But it definitely won’t hurt you, either.

 

 


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