【杨芳生活英语】13讲 如何从听懂到读懂英文文献
词汇表

1 abbreviation 缩略,缩写;简称shortening something by omitting parts of it
例句: What does the abbreviation WHO stand for?
2 affect B2影响;侵袭;感染;打动have an influence upon
例句:Right now, why eating breakfast would have these effects isn’t totally clear, but it’s possible that people who skip it end up indulging more later in the day, which can affect their health.
3. association B2协会;社团;联盟a formal organization of people or groups of people
例句:This event was organized in association with a local school.
4. adjustment B2 调整;调节;小改动the act of making something different
She made a few minor adjustments to the focus of her camera.
5. cholesterol /kəˈles.tər.ɒl/ C1胆固醇a substance in the blood that can cause heart disease
例句:Influence of method of reporting study results on decision of physicians to prescribe drugs to lower cholesterol concentration.
6. cognitive 感知的;认知的;认识力的 relating to or involving the mental process of knowing
例句:And they didn’t find any relationship between kids’ breakfast consumption and their scores on a test of their cognitive reasoning ability. 认知推理能力
7 categorically
/ˌkæt.əˈɡɒr.ɪ.kəl.i/绝对地,明确地,肯定地
in an absolute, definite, or firm manner
Top executives categorically denied that the bank was in trouble.
calorie
卡,卡路里(测量食物所含热量的单位)
unit of heat raising 1 gram of water by 1 degree centigrade
There are about 50 calories in an apple.
consuming
(感情)强烈的
very intense
Running is a consuming passion with him.
component
C1组成部分;成分;零部件
one of the individual parts making up a larger entity
The course has four main components: business law, finance, computing and management skills.
clinical
C1门诊的,临床的
relating to or based on direct observation of patients
She spent 15 years as a clinical psychologist with the Northumberland Health Authority.
caution
C1 谨慎,小心,慎重
C2告诫;提醒
judiciousness in avoiding harm or danger
The newspaper cautioned its readers against buying shares without getting good advice first.
composition
B2(音乐)作品,乐曲
the way in which someone or something is put together
I must quickly add that this is entirely based on personal principles, and is to be applied only to certain situations and compositions.
convince
B1 说服;使相信;使信服
make realize the truth or validity of something
Agricultural companies have failed to convince consumers that GM foods are safe.
conclude C1(以…)结束(讲话、会议、文章等)bring to a close
Thus, it may be concluded that the training influenced the subjects' declarative knowledge, which also led to the development of their procedural knowledge.
consumption C1消费量;消耗量the act of using something up
As a nation, our consumption of junk food is horrifying.
database B2(计算机)资料库,数据库 an organized body of related information
You have to enter a password to access the database.
deprive B2夺走,抢去,剥夺take away
Some parents deprive themselves of many pleasures so that their children can have the best of everything.
dietitian 饮食保健专家,营养学家,营养师a specialist in the study of nutrition
They include guidance on the dietary treatment of the condition and the need for supervision by a dietitian.
explore
B1探测;勘查;探索;研究
travel to or penetrate into
Virtual Reality aims to give us artificial worlds to explore, outside normal space and time.
experimental
C2 实验(性)的,试验(性)的
of the nature of or undergoing a trial
The drug is still at the experimental stage (= is still being tested).
experiment
B1实验;试验;试用
the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation
Some people believe that experiments on animals should be banned.
enhance
C1提高;增加;增强;增进
increase
A number of our clients want to look younger to enhance their career prospects.
factor
B2因素;要素
anything that contributes causally to a result
People's voting habits are influenced by political, social and economic factors.
guarantee
B2保证;保修单,包换单
an unconditional commitment that something will happen
European Airlines guarantees its customers top-quality service.
habitual通常的;习惯性的
commonly used or practiced
Short and long-term effect of smoking on arterial-wall properties in habitual smokers.
highlight
B2
an area of brightness in a picture
The report highlights the need for improved safety.
individual
C2个人,个体;(思想或行为)与众不同的人,有个性的人
being or characteristic of a single thing or person
The new tax system would be calculated on the value of property owned by an individual.
irrespective
C2不考虑地,不顾地
in spite of everything; without regard to drawbacks
The legislation must be applied irrespective of someone's ethnic origins.
index
C1(书后关于主题、姓名等的)索引
alphabetical listing of names and topics with page numbers
Try looking up "heart disease" in the index.
indulge
C2(使)沉溺于;(尤指)放纵
yield to; give satisfaction to
Criminals are indulged as if they are sick, whereas the ill, the poor and the unfortunate are brutally punished.
joint
B2共有的,共享的;共同的
C2关节
junction by which parts or objects are linked together
From the application's point of view, the requirement was to deliver joint values whenever requested by the feeder.
mass
C1大量的;大规模的;大批的
the property of a body that causes it to have weight
During times of mass unemployment, there's a pool of cheap labour for employers to draw from.
nutrition
C1营养物质;营养,滋养
the organic process of nourishing or being nourished
Good nutrition is essential if patients are to make a quick recovery.
obese
C1肥胖的,臃肿的
excessively fat
She was not just overweight; she was clinically obese.
positive
B2有把握的,确信的,肯定的C2(医学检测)呈阳性的
characterized by or displaying affirmation or acceptance
Far from being a nuisance, she was a positive joy to have around.
Ratings for positive, negative and depressive symptoms were available for 40 of the patients.
philosophize
高谈阔论;卖弄大道理
reason or theorize about important and difficult issues
Students, she complained, had nothing better to do than spend whole days philosophizing about the nature of truth.
pattern
B2 方式,形式;模式
a repeated design, structure, or arrangement
A pattern is beginning to emerge from our analysis of the accident data.
psychological
B2心理的;心理学的
mental or emotional as opposed to physical in nature
He claims that the constant aircraft noise has a bad psychological effect on the residents.
potential
B2潜在的,可能的
existing in possibility
Of course we don't want to alarm people unnecessarily, but they should be alerted to potential dangers.
physical
B2
relating to the body 身体的
C2实物的;物质的;有形的
involving the body as distinguished from the mind or spirit
We are concerned with the physical and psychological well-being of our employees.
profitable
B2有盈利的;有益的
yielding material gain
Gradually the items she sold were less and less capital intensive and less and less profitable.
prescribe
C2(医生)开(药),为…开(药),嘱咐(疗法)
issue commands or orders for
The law prescribes that all children must go to school.
questionnaire
B1问卷;情况调查表
a form with a set of queries to gain statistical information
例句: Visitors to the country have been asked to fill in a detailed questionnaire.
range
B1(一)批;(一)类;(一)系列
a variety of different things or activities
As an actor he could communicate a whole range of emotions.
randomize
使…随机化
arrange or organize by chance, without any order or plan
Thus, patients randomized to counseling have higher counseling costs at 12 months than those randomized to antidepressants and vice versa.
responsive
反应积极的;反应敏捷的
reacting to a stimulus
The disease has proved responsive to the new treatment.
random
C1任意的;随机的;胡乱的
lacking any definite plan or order or purpose
The security guards carried out random checks on people entering the building.
royal
B2国王的;女王的;王室的
of or relating to a king, queen, or other monarch
Acting as political hostesses was one way in which royal wives could make their mark.
regulate
C1控制,管理,调节,调整
bring into conformity with rules, principles, or usage
The government has introduced new laws to regulate the sale of firearms.
resource
B2资源;财力;素质
aid or support that may be drawn upon when needed
Britain's mineral resources include coal and gas deposits.
sensitivity
C1善解人意;体贴;体谅
responsiveness to emotional feelings
One of the side effects of the drug is an increased sensitivity to sunlight.
standardize
使标准化,使合乎标准
cause to conform to a norm
The profile summarizes key information about a product in a standardized format designed to make it easier to compare products.
specifically
C1特意,专门地
in distinction from others
Specifically, it is likely that experimental data will be needed to replicate and extend the current findings based here on observational data.
status
C1(尤指在社会中的)地位,身份
the condition or someone or something at a particular time
The association works to promote the status of retired people as useful members of the community.
trend
B1趋势,趋向;倾向
a general tendency to change, as of opinion
With an upward trend in inflation, you expect prices to rise.
tackle
B2对付,处理;与…交涉
seize and throw down an opponent player carrying the ball
However, this perspective allows certain problems to be tackled more easily.
typical
B1典型的,有代表性的
exhibiting the qualities that identify a group or kind
Typical symptoms would include severe headaches, vomiting and dizziness.
trial
B2审判,审理
the act of testing something
After the trial, his family said they had lost all faith in the judicial system.
variable
C1多变的;反复无常的
something that is likely to change
The data was analysed according to neighbourhoods, but other key variables like credit rating and marital status were ignored altogether.
variation
B2变化;变动
the process of being or becoming different
The medical tests showed some variation in the baby's heart rate.

Text 1
breakfast: The most important meal of the day?
Spence, Charles
DOI:10.1016/j.ijgfs.2017.01.003
Stating the obvious, we typically eat different foods at different times of day. But why should that be so? While much of this variation is likely down to cultural factors, the dietitians also have plenty to say on the matter of what we should be eating and drinking when, in order, for instance, to lose weight, or else to help enhance our cognitive performance during the course of the day.
In recent years, many of the larger food companies have become increasingly interested in trying either to break into the profitable, not to mention growing, market for breakfast foods, or else to figure out how to convince more consumers to eat 'breakfast foods' at other times of day.
In this review, I want to take a closer look at the psychological science behind the first meal of the day, highlighting why it may be even more important than most people think – both to the consumer but also the food industry more generally.
Finally, I summarize a number of the current trends in the kinds of breakfast items that are becoming more/less popular, and consider what may be driving them.

Text 2
Is breakfast the most important meal of the day?
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-nutrition-society/article/is-breakfast-the-most-important-meal-of-the-day/74DC8BF20CAF1D7D5E75CD46A35451F8
作者:JA betts,EA Chowdhury,JT Gonzalez,JD Richardson,K Tsintzas,D Thompson
The Bath breakfast Project is a series of randomised controlled trials exploring the effects of extended morning fasting on energy balance and health. These trials were categorically not designed to answer whether or not breakfast is the most important meal of the day. However, this review will philosophise about ❶the meaning of that question and❷ about what questions we should be asking to better understand the effects of breakfast, before summarising how individual components of energy balance and health respond to breakfast v. fasting in lean and obese adults.
Current evidence does not support a clear effect of regularly consuming or skipping breakfast on body mass/composition, metabolic rate or diet-induced thermogenesis. Findings regarding energy intake are variable, although the balance of evidence indicates some degree of compensatory feeding later in the day such that overall energy intake is either unaffected or slightly lower when breakfast is omitted from the diet. However, even if net energy intake is reduced, extended morning fasting may not result in expected weight loss due to compensatory adjustments in physical activity thermogenesis. Specifically, we report that both lean and obese adults expended less energy during the morning when remaining in the fasted state than when consuming a prescribed breakfast.
Further research is required to examine whether particular health markers may be responsive to breakfast-induced responses of individual components of energy balance irrespective of their net effect on energy balance and therefore body mass.
关键词:Fasting, Energy balance, Health, Thermogenesis生热作用,
Abbreviations DIT: diet-induced thermogenesis
8–9 December 2015 The Joint Winter Meeting between the Nutrition Society and the Royal Society of Medicine The Royal Society of Medicine, London
DOI:10.1017/S0029665116000318
被引量:10 年份:2016
来自: Cambridge University Press
Video transcript: breakfast
It’s the most important meal of the day -- or so we’ve been told. But scientists has tackled whether or not this is really true, and the results have been mixed. One claim you’ve properly heard is that eating breakfast every day helps you lost weight, and there’s definitely evidence to support this. At least, to a degree.
In 2017, the American Heart Association reviewed the science on the effects of different eating patterns, searching databases for relevant studies and looking for big patterns in their findings. And they concluded that people who eat breakfast are less likely to be clinically obese.
So there you go!
But a lot of the studies this was based on just asked people to report their breakfast habits along with various other information about themselves. Without experimental data, there could be lots of other factors at play -- like, maybe people who skip breakfast also tend to be less active, or to eat poorer diets overall.
When researchers actually do experiments, the benefits of breakfast become less clear. For example, in 2016, researchers randomly assigned 23 people whose body mass indexes (BMI)were in the obese range to either eat breakfast or not for 6 weeks.
They didn’t standardize exactly what the first group had to eat, but it had to be at least 700 calories before 11AM. Regardless, the researchers didn’t find any difference between the two groups in their weight change during that time. And other studies have been kind of a mixed bag. So it’s hard to tell if breakfast has a guaranteed effect on weight one way or another, despite what lots of diet websites like to say. But hey, don’t give up on breakfast just yet -- weight loss isn’t the only potential benefit. That same American heart association report found that people who ate breakfast were less likely to have high cholesterol 胆固醇or high blood pressure or problems with their blood sugar. Even that 2016 experiment found that the group assigned to eat breakfast had increased insulin sensitivity at the end of the six weeks -- they needed less insulin in order to regulate their sensitivity at the end of the six weeks -- they needed less insulin in order to regulate their blood sugar, which is a good thing.
Right now, why eating breakfast would have these effects isn’t totally clear, but it’s possible that people who skip it end up indulging more later in the day, which can affect their health. Outside of weight loss and general health, one place where breakfast also gets a lot of emphasis is in schools. School breakfast programs are popular because we hope that they will help kids do better academically -- but even for this, the evidence is mixed.
A 2009 review of studies of school breakfast programs found that they can have a positive effect on academic performance, but that this may be partly just because they encourage performance, but this may just encourage kids to actually show up.
And -- no surprise here -- the benefits of school breakfasts are greater for kids whose overall nutrition is poorer.
Another group of researchers took a look at the evidence out there in 2013, and they concluded that habitually eating breakfast did help children stay on task in school and improved academic performance. But again, they cautioned that other factors could be getting mixed up in this, like socio-economic status -- kids who eat breakfast may also come from families that are better able to provide for them overall.
Again, the problem is that a lot of these studies aren’t experimental: They are just comparing kids who already don’t eat breakfast with those that do. This limits how much they can actually tell us. For example, a 2015 study in Great Britain had 292 kids between the ages of 11 and 13 fill out questionnaire on their breakfast habits.
And they didn’t find any relationship between kids’ breakfast consumption and their scores on a test of their cognitive reasoning ability.
Some actual experiments would help clear this up, but it’s also not a great idea to deprive kids of breakfast if they want to eat it. So for now, we’ll have to work with what we have. Also, if you’re wondering what this all means for adults -- whether breakfast improves our performance at work -- well, sadly, this hasn’t been studied very much. Unlike schools, adults’ workplaces generally aren’t in the business of feeding them and don’t usually hand out easy-to-interpret test scores, so data is probably harder to come by.
So what’s the takeaway here? If you’re the kind of person who eats breakfast, chances are you’re already someone who has the resources to take good care of yourself and eats well overall. So just starting your day with a hearty (丰盛的) breakfast if you don’t already won’t magically fix everything that’s wrong in your life. But it definitely won’t hurt you, either.