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Participles
分词
Participles are used to create complex verb forms, to express ideas such as "I will have read" or "The wine has been drunk". Participles are formed from verbs. There are two categories of participles: active and passive. Each category has present, future and past tenses.
分词通常用来创造复杂的动词形式，用来表达例如“我将会阅读”或者是“这杯酒已经被喝过”。分词由动词变成，通常有两种类别：主动和被动。两种类别都由现在时，将来时和过去时（三个时态）
Notice that the vowels "i", "a" and "o" are the same ones used for past, present and future verb endings.
注意，元音“i”，“a”和“o”也是可以作为过去时，现在时和将来时的动词词尾
In this skill we focus on the passive participles.
在本节课中，我们主要讲的是被动分词。
Passive participles
被动分词
Let's look at these two English sentences:
让我们先看看这两个英语句子
The owl ate the mouse.
猫头鹰吃老鼠
The mouse was eaten by the owl.
老鼠被猫头鹰吃掉了
They both say the same thing, but in the second sentence the mouse becomes the focus of interest, and also the subject of the verb, instead of the owl.
这两句话其实都在表达同一个意思：猫头鹰把老鼠吃掉了。但在第二句，老鼠则成为了人们兴趣的焦点，同时也代替了猫头鹰成为了第二句话的主语
To use the correct grammatical terms, the first sentence has an active verb, "ate", and the second verb has a passive verb "was eaten".
用正确的语法术语来解释的话，第一句话里有一个主动动词“ate”,而第二句话里面有个被动动词“was eaten”
Here are examples of the use of passive participles:
下面是过去分词的使用例
Participles are like adjectives
分词和形容词类似
Participles end in -a like adjectives. In fact, they are used in the same way as adjectives, which means that they agree in number and case with the noun that they belong to:
分词以-a结尾的时候和形容词类似。事实上，它们的使用方式也和形容词一个dio样，这意味着它们要和它们所修饰的目标的数要保持一致。
La libro estas legita. = The book (literally: is having been read) has been read.
（书本正在被读）
La libroj estas legitaj. = The books (literally: are having been read) have been read.
（那些书本正在被读）
Mi trovis du rompitajn poŝtelefonojn. = I found two mobile phones (literally: having been broken) that had been broken / I found two broken mobile phones.
（我找到了两部被破坏了的手机）
More about participles
更多关于分词的内容
Participles can be combined with past, present and future tenses of esti:
分词能够和esti 的过去时、现在时以及将来时组合
Examples with a passive participle:
过去分词的例子：
La libro estos legita.
(literally: The book will be having been read.)
The book will have been read.
这本书将要被读
La libro estas legita.
(literally: The book is having been read.)
The book has been read.
这本书正在被读
La libro estis legita.
(literally: The book was having been read.)
The book had been read.
这本书已经读过了
[Note: the "literal" translations above are presented as an aid to understanding and using participles; they are not colloquial English and are not acceptable translations of Esperanto sentences in this course].
[注意：那些带有字面意思注释的句子翻译是帮助你去理解和使用分词的，在英语口语里并不会出现这样的用法，它也不会被本节课的翻译习题接纳为正确的答案。]
Participles + -o ending
以—O结尾的分词
An o-ending on a participle generally signifies a person:
以-o结尾的分词通常指代特定的人：
la elektito - the one who got elected （被选中的人）
la konato - the one who is known, the acquaintance（熟人,认识的人）
原文：www.duolingo.cn/skill/eo/Participles2/tips-and-notes
翻译：vanilo
