《经济学人》双语：确保疫苗效果最佳的方式是什么？
原文标题：
Immunology
Give it a rest
To ensure vaccines work properly, get a good night’s sleep
免疫学
好好休息
为了确保疫苗有效，需要有良好的睡眠
The case for women is less clear
女性情况尚不明确
[Paragraph 1]
VACCINES GET all the glory, but it is really the immune system that does the heavy lifting.
疫苗备受赞誉，但真正起重要作用的是免疫系统。
Indeed, those with weak immune systems often benefit little from vaccines.
事实上，免疫系统虚弱的人接种疫苗往往效果不佳。
Aware of this, researchers have long thought that people deprived of sleep also ought to benefit less from vaccines, as sleeping less is thought to reduce immune function.
研究人员一直认为，睡眠不足的人从疫苗中获益也较少，因为睡眠不足会降低免疫功能。
A new analysis reveals that this is clearly the case—though only in men.
新的研究发现的确如此——但仅限于男性。
[Paragraph 2]
The immune system is metabolically expensive for the body to operate.
免疫系统的代谢成本非常高。
When resources run low, it cannot function as well as it might when well supported.
当资源匮乏时，免疫系统无法像正常时有效运转。
This is why people who are profoundly
cold for long periods of time tend to fall ill—their bodies are burning
calories to stay warm that might otherwise have been used to fuel their
defence.
这就是为什么长期处于极寒环境中的人容易生病——他们的身体需要消耗热量来保暖，这些热量原本可以用于免疫系统。
[Paragraph 3]
The immune system is similarly hamstrung
by a lack of sleep since a number of its key components, such as the
white blood cells that produce antibodies, are predominantly made by the
body when a person is slumbering.
缺乏睡眠同样会破坏免疫系统的功能，因为人体一些重要成分——例如白细胞，它们负责产生抗体——主要在人们睡眠期间产生。
Yet it has remained unclear whether poor sleep at a time of vaccination leads to reduced immune benefits.
但是目前仍不清楚在接种疫苗时睡眠不足是否会导致免疫效果减弱。
[Paragraph 4]
Vaccines work by presenting the immune system with the foreign material of a pathogen.
疫苗通过向免疫系统展示病原体等异物来发挥作用。
The
system reacts by making antibodies, though these do not last for
ever—they circulate in great numbers shortly after a real or
vaccine-induced invasion but their population wanes over time.
免疫系统会产生抗体，但这些抗体并不会永久存在——当真的病原体入侵或接种疫苗引起的入侵后，抗体在短时间内大量循环，但它们的数量会随时间变化而减少。
Eventually, another shot of vaccine is needed to boost the antibody count.
最终，需要再次接种疫苗来增加抗体数。
[Paragraph 5]
For
their study, Karine Spiegel at the French National Institute of Health
and Medical Research and Eve Van Cauter at the University of Chicago
speculated that insufficient sleep might damage the ability of the
immune system to react to vaccines and thus result in fewer circulating
antibodies.
法国国家卫生和医学研究所的卡瑞.斯皮格尔和芝加哥大学的伊芙·范·考特推测假设，睡眠不足可能会破坏免疫系统对疫苗的反应能力，导致循环抗体减少。
They
pooled the results of seven studies in which a total of 603
participants between the ages of 18 and 60 had had their antibody
response to vaccines monitored and who had also been asked how many
hours of sleep they were getting each night.
他们合并了7项研究的结果，这些研究共涉及603名年龄在18至60岁之间的参与者，监测了他们对疫苗的抗体反应，并询问了他们每晚的睡眠时间。
[Paragraph 6]
Dr Spiegel found that men showed a strong relationship between insufficient sleep (defined as fewer than six hours of kip a day) and antibody response.
斯皮格尔博士发现，男性睡眠不足（即每天睡眠少于6小时）与抗体反应之间存在强相关关系。
The
magnitude of the effect, when sleep duration was recorded objectively
by a lab rather than self-reported by a patient, was similar to the
amount of antibody waning seen in an average person two months after
being given the Pfizer-BioNTech covid-19 jab.
当睡眠时间是由实验室客观记录而不是由参与者自我报告时，抗体效果与普通人接种辉瑞必恩泰新冠疫苗后2个月看到的抗体衰减量相似。
The vaccines given to sleep-deprived men, therefore, still provided protection but the effect was less potent from the start and lasted for less time, on average.
因此，睡眠不足的男性接种疫苗仍然会起保护作用，但平均而言，抗体效果一开始就较弱，并且持续时间较短。
[Paragraph 7]
The results were published this week in Current Biology.
本周，这项研究的结果已发表在《当代生物学》上。
Dr
Spiegel says that encouraging patients to get plenty of sleep before
and after a vaccination appointment is an ideal way for a medical system
to maximise its vaccine stock and ensure that the benefits granted are
as large as possible.
斯皮格尔博士表示，斯皮格尔博士称，鼓励患者在接种疫苗前后充分休息，因为这是医疗系统最大限度利用疫苗库存并确保获得最大利益的最佳途径。
[Paragraph 8]
As
for why the results in women were not significant, Dr Spiegel and her
colleagues theorise that sleep affects female response to vaccines too.
至于为什么女性的结果不明显，斯皮格尔博士及其同事们推测，睡眠也会影响女性对疫苗的反应。
But that hormone interference, driven by varying stages of the menstrual cycle, contraception
and hormone-replacement therapies, is probably altering immune response
in profound and unknown ways that throw off the results.
但由于不同的生理周期、避孕和激素替代疗法等因素引起的激素干扰可能会以深远和未知的方式改变免疫反应，从而扰乱了结果。
It is a subject area that urgently needs more attention, argue the researchers.
研究人员表示，这是一门迫切需要更多关注的课题。
[Paragraph 9]
Vaccines are an important tool in the world’s armoury
against disease and there is no getting around the fact that developing
and adminstering them is a difficult and expensive process.
疫苗是全球抵御疾病的重要工具，无法回避的事实是研发和接种疫苗是一个费力且费钱的大工程。
But
patients could at least be encouraged to give their immune system a
rest before getting jabbed. It costs nothing, and could pay considerable
dividends.
但至少可以鼓励患者在接种前让他们的免疫系统休息。这不花费任何成本，但可能带来可观的回报。
（恭喜读完，本篇英语词汇量629左右）
原文出自：2023年3月18日《The Economist》Science & technology版块
精读笔记来源于：自由英语之路
本文翻译整理: Irene
本文编辑校对: Irene
仅供个人英语学习交流使用。
（来自于网络）
最新发表于《当代生物学》（Current Biology）上的一项研究发现，如果在接种疫苗前后几天内的睡眠不足，则抗体反应会减弱。
研究者通过对7个研究进行荟萃分析，探究了睡眠时间对流感和肝炎等病毒性疾病疫苗接种的影响。结果发现，经过仪器客观评估，睡眠不足（每晚小于6小时）的被试抗体反应显著降低。但这一结果目前只在男性被试中结果显著，在女性被试里统计学上并不显著。对此研究者认为可能是因为目前还没有研究考虑女性的性激素水平在月经周期、避孕药的使用和绝经期状态影响下的变化，因此对于女性还需要更多的研究数据。
【重点句子】（3 个）
VACCINES GET all the glory, but it is really the immune system that does the heavy lifting.
疫苗备受赞誉，但真正起重要作用的是免疫系统。
The
vaccines given to sleep-deprived men, therefore, still provided
protection but the effect was less potent from the start and lasted for
less time, on average.
因此，睡眠不足的男性接种疫苗仍然会起保护作用，但平均而言，抗体效果一开始就较弱，并且持续时间较短。
But
patients could at least be encouraged to give their immune system a
rest before getting jabbed. It costs nothing, and could pay considerable
dividends.
但至少可以鼓励患者在接种前让他们的免疫系统休息。这不花费任何成本，但可能带来可观的回报。
