【龙腾网】研究显示，许多过敏的人其实并不算是过敏。
The number of adults who think they have a food allergy is almost double the figure who actually have one, research has revealed.
研究显示，认为自己患有食物过敏但其实并没有过敏的人数是实际患有食物过敏人数的近两倍。
While the study was conducted in the US, experts say a similar situation is also seen in other countries, including the UK. The researchers found that many people with an allergy do not have a prescription for potentially life-saving medication, while others might be avoiding foods unnecessarily.
虽然该研究是在美国进行的，但专家表示，包括英国在内的其他国家也有类似的情况。研究人员发现，许多过敏症患者都没有可能挽救自己生命的过敏药物，而其他伪过敏者则会不必要地避免吃一些食物。
The study suggests almost 11% of adults in the US have a food allergy, equating to more than 26 million people. About 12 million of these are estimated to have developed the allergy as an adult, highlighting that allergies do not only begin in childhood.
该研究表明，美国近11％的成年人患有食物过敏，相当于2600多万人。据估计，大约有1200万人在成年后患上过敏症，这突显出过敏症不仅仅只发生在儿童时期。
“This is really concerning because chances are they could eat the food and then all of a sudden they have a reaction to a food that they could previously tolerate – so what changed in their environment or in them that caused them to now develop this food allergy?” said Ruchi Gupta, a professor of paediatrics at Northwestern University and a co-author of the research.
“这种情况令人非常忧虑——人们的周围环境或自身的变化导致他们会突然间对他们以前可以吃的食物产生反应，而人们对此却毫无知觉。“西北大学儿科学教授，该研究的合著作者鲁奇 古普塔说到。
“Some of these foods you know that they probably were able to eat [previously] because they are such common foods in the diet, but shellfish was interesting – it could be one that they are trying for the first time as an adult.”
“你知道这些食物中的一些食物（之前能够）食用，因为它们在饮食中是常见的食物，但贝类很有趣 - 它可能是人们作为成年人第一次尝试吃的食物。”
Gideon Lack, a professor of paediatric allergy at King’s College London, who was not involved in the research, said the growing problem of food allergies in adults might be linked to the dramatic rise seen in children over the past 20 years.
伦敦国王学院儿科过敏教授吉迪恩 拉克表示，成年人食物过敏问题日益严重，这可能与过去20年来儿童过敏的急剧上升有关。
“We have been focusing efforts and concerns about food allergy in children, and this study is telling us there is a very significant burden of food-allergic disease in adults and we ought to be directing more attention and resources towards diagnosing and treating those adults,” he said.
“一直以来我们关注的都是儿童食物过敏，这项研究告诉我们成人食物过敏性疾病的隐患非常大，我们应该引导更多的精力和医疗资源来诊断和治疗这些成年人 “ 他说。
Writing in the journal Jama Network Open, researchers in the US describe how they conducted a survey in two groups of participants between October 2015 and September 2016. In total more than 40,000 adults in the US took part.
美国研究人员在Jama Network Open杂志上发表文章描述了他们如何在2015年10月至2016年9月期间对两组参与者进行调查研究。加起来总共有超过40,000名美国成年人参加这个项目。
Participants were asked if they had a food allergy and were questioned about their reactions and diagnoses. The team then assessed whether the reported allergy, whether diagnosed or not, was “convincing” – for example if the participant had experienced symptoms such as throat tightening or vomiting.
参与者被问及他们是否有食物过敏，并被询问他们的反应和诊断。然后，由该团队评估其是否患有过敏症，无论是否被诊断出来，诊断依据都是“令人信服的” -例如，如果参与者出现喉咙紧缩或呕吐那就是过敏症状。
“If they only had, say, bloating or stomach pain or diarrhoea then we took them out because that could be a lactose intolerance or a food intolerance,” said Gupta.
“如果他们只有腹胀或腹痛或腹泻，那么我们就不能判断为过敏症状，因为那可能是乳糖不耐症或食物不耐受，”古普塔说。
The results reveal that the most common “convincing” allergy was to shellfish, affecting 2.9% of adults, with milk and peanuts in second and third place, affecting 1.9% and 1.8% of adults respectively.
结果显示，最常见的“令人信服的”过敏是贝类，影响2.9％的成年人，牛奶和花生分别位居第二和第三位，分别影响1.9％和1.8％的成年人。
But while 10.8% of participants were deemed to have at least one convincing food allergy, almost twice as many – 19% – reported they had such a problem.
但是，虽然10.8％的参与者被认为至少有一种令人信服的食物过敏，但几乎两倍人数-19％ - 报告他们有过敏的问题。
“There are so many adults out there who have a negative reaction to a food. It is really important to get a proper diagnosis so that they can really know is this something treatable like lactose intolerance, or is this a life-threatening food allergy that they need to be very careful with,” said Gupta.
“有很多成年人对食物有负面反应。获得正确的诊断非常重要，这样他们才能真正知道这些症状是一种可治疗的，如乳糖不耐症，还是这是一种能危及生命的食物过敏，他们需要非常小心的对待“古普塔说。
Of those with a “convincing” allergy, almost half said they had developed at least one of their food allergies as an adult, while about 38% said they had undertaken an emergency hospital visit as a result of a food allergy. However, only 48% said they had received a diagnosis from a doctor and just a quarter said they had a prescription for adrenaline, a common allergy treatment.
在那些具有“令人信服的”过敏症的人中，几乎有一半人表示他们在成年后至少发生过一次食物过敏，而约38％的人表示他们因食物过敏而进行了紧急医院就诊。然而，只有48％的人表示他们已经接受了医生的诊断，只有四分之一的人说他们有肾上腺素处方，这是一种常见的过敏治疗方法。
Prof Clare Mills, an expert in food allergies at the University of Manchester, welcomed the study but said it had limitations, including relying on self-reported data, including for symptoms. What’s more, she said, the healthcare system in the US is very different to the UK, meaning access to healthcare, and even the way adrenaline is prescribed, is very different.
曼彻斯特大学食物过敏专家克莱尔米尔斯教授对这项研究表示欢迎，但表示它有局限性，包括依赖自我报告的数据，包括症状。更重要的是，她说，美国的医疗保健系统与英国非常不同，这意味着获得医疗服务，甚至肾上腺素的处方方式也是如此。
Stephen Till, a professor of allergy at King’s College London, said the prence of “true” allergies seen in the study seemed surprisingly high, but the widespread misapprehension of having an allergy chimed with his clinical experience in the UK.
伦敦国王学院过敏症教授斯蒂芬蒂尔说，研究中看到的“真正的”过敏症患病率似乎高得惊人，但他在英国的临床经验普遍存在对过敏症的误解。
“I often see patients who think that they have a severe allergy who either aren’t allergic or who have mild allergy. They may have been unnecessarily prescribed adrenaline auto-injectors and be on a restricted diet avoiding even trace exposure to the suspected culprit,” he said, noting that this could cause significant anxiety and difficulties.
“我看到过很多病人都认为自己有严重的过敏，他们不但没有过敏甚至连轻微过敏都没有。而他们可能已经被滥开了对他们毫无用处的肾上腺素自动注射器，并且限制饮食，甚至避免接触到那些导致伪过敏的罪魁祸首。这可能会引起严重的焦虑和障碍。”
“Unfortunately … we have a shortage of physicians who are trained in adult allergy and so this amplifies these kinds of problems.”
“不幸的是......我们缺少接受过成人过敏分辨训练的医生，所以这些问题还会持续加重下去。”
[–]drmyk 2340 10*x2
I work with food allergy patients.
People have a lot of issues with foods, but food allergy is a very narrow, specific term. Allergist define food allergy as being an IgE mediated reaction to a food. These types of reaction lead to mast cell activation, histamine release, and anaphylaxis. They can kill you very dead and very fast. That's why we care about them, that's why there's good testing for them, and that's why we change people's lives that have them by making them paranoid about avoiding the food and always, always carrying an epi injector. Food allergies don't make your stomach ache or legs hurt or your vision blur or your headache or you lose concentration and get brain fog or cause your autism to flare. Its anaphylaxis (or other mast cell associated symptoms that are less severe than anaphylaxis like eczema flares, hives...you get the idea)
There are a thousand reasons that a food can make you feel bad. These are food intolerances. Malabsorbing sugars, fats, difficult to digest proteins, bacterial overgrowth-any one of these deserves a full reddit post on its own. But none of these will kill you. None of them activate mast cells and lead to anaphylaxis. Importantly, for many there aren't great tests so it becomes an issue of not eating food that makes you feel bad because it makes you feel bad, not because the food making you feel bad has been validated by a test.
There are a lot of bogus tests that people will offer you to find the foods that are making you feel bad. They all have fancy names and very precise numbers, but their numbers are meaningless because in general they don't correlate with any specific food reaction. They'll bill you for it (directly, since insurance won't pay because it isn't validated). Often they'll come with some odd rotation diet, or instructions to avoid foods that come from dicot plants or seeds only grown in sandy soil or foods that don't contain the letter 'e' or ones that match your blood type. These are bogus tests. Don't fall for them.
There are a couple of exceptions here. Celiac disease isn't an allergy but an intolerance, but it can kill you and there's a couple of great tests to find it. FPIES can be very severe, but no test to identify it except for looking like you're trying to die when you eat a specific food.
There are exceptions to everything, if you think you're allergic to a food see a doctor and ask if you should be uated.
我由于工作原因会接触到很多过敏患者。
人们吃东西会有很多问题，但食物过敏是一个非常狭窄的，细分的领域。过敏症专科医生将食物过敏定义为IgE介导对食物做出反应。这些类型的反应导致肥大细胞活化、组胺释放和过敏反应。这些东西可以快速彻底地杀死你。这就是我们关心过敏的原因，这就是为什么对于过敏我们有很好的测试，这就是为什么我们改变那些有些人的生活，让他们偏执地避免食物，总是，总是带着肾上腺素注射器。食物过敏不会让你胃痛、腿疼、视力模糊、头痛，也不会让你注意力不集中、头脑发呆或引发自闭症。它是过敏性反应(或与肥大细胞相关症状，比过敏性反应轻，如湿疹发作、荨麻疹……)
食物会让你感觉不舒服的原因有上千种。这些都是食物不耐症。糖、脂肪、难以消化的蛋白质、细菌的过度生长——这些都值得单独在reddit上发表一篇完整的文章。但这些都不会杀死你。它们都不能激活肥大细胞并导致过敏反应。重要的是，对很多人来说，他们没有好的检验方法，所以不吃让你感觉不好的食物就变成了一个问题，因为它让你感觉不好，而不是因为让你感觉不好的食物已经通过了过敏反应测试。
有很多虚假的测试，人们会提供给你寻找让你感觉不舒服的食物。它们都有奇特的名词和非常精确的数字，但这些名词数字毫无意义，因为它们通常与任何特定的食物反应无关。然后他们会为此向你收费(直接打钱，医保不能支付，因为它是假的)。通常情况下，它们会伴随着一些奇怪的轮作饮食，或者避免食用双子叶植物或只生长在沙地中的植物和种子，或者不含字母“e”或与你血型相符的食物。这些都是虚假的测试。请不要上当。
这里有几个例外。腹腔疾病不是过敏，而是不耐受，但它能致人死亡有几个很好的测试可以确诊。肠炎综合征可能非常严重，但是现在没有测试可以识别它，除非当你吃某种特定的食物时，你人看起来马上就不行了。
任何事情都有例外，如果你认为你对某种食物过敏，去看医生，问问自己是否需要进行测验。
[–]QuinZ33 143 6
If I eat tree nuts, my mouth breaks into hives. My tongue and throat itch badly.
It's an allergic reaction to food, but to my knowledge I'm in no danger of anaphylaxis.
如果我吃了树生类的坚果，我的嘴巴就像进了一个蜂巢一样舌头和喉咙会痒的厉害。这是对食物的过敏反应，但就我的知识来看我并没有消化性过敏的危险。
[–]drmyk 131 6
OAS is caused by a bunch of immunologically cross reactive allergens. They are usually very labile-they break down with time, processing, and heat. So some people can't eat raw apples but they can eat an apple pie.
口腔过敏综合症是由各种各样能造成交叉过敏反应的过敏原引发的，它们通常很不稳定，易随着时间，酶解以及加热而失活。所以有些人吃不了生苹果但可以吃苹果派。
[–]Usernameisntthatlong 63 5
This is good information. I can eat cooked fruits fine, but if they're raw -- I'm going to be itchy for a bit.
There was a time that I went on an apple diet for lunch for a week. It was fine and I was so happy I wasn't itchy while eating an apple. But after a week, I started becoming allergic. So much that my lips were swelling.
OAS is annoying and difficult to explain to the average Joe that doesn't understand why I avoid fruits. Thanks for doing what you do!
感谢楼上科普。我可以吃煮熟了的水果没事，不过要是生水果的话--我大概要痒好一会儿。
有段时间我午餐吃了一个星期的苹果，开始我还为吃苹果时口腔不痒而高兴，但一个星期后我就开始有过敏反应了，我的嘴巴肿的老大。
口腔过敏综合症这个病很难跟人去解释，他们不明白为什么你吃不了水果，这里我很感谢楼上的科普。
[–]fcman256 61 3
My parents always thought I was making it up. I'm in my 30s and people are still skeptical when I tell them I can't eat a lot of raw fruits/veg. No you fucks, I'm not a child pretending so I don't have to eat my veggies, I'm pissed off because I can't eat your good damn delicious looking guacamole
我父母老觉得我吃不了生的蔬菜/水果是装的，就算我到了30岁还是有人对我这个毛病持怀疑态度。我淦，我又不是三岁小孩子会挑食，我是真的吔不了你那看上去超级无敌美味的鳄梨沙拉啦！
[–]DevinSevin 15 3
Guacamole causes me straight pain sometimes. Just instant achy mouth that stings
鳄梨有时候会直接搞得我嘴巴很痛。不是那种刺痛而是一嘴巴都很痛。
[–]theth1rdchild 14 3
My girlfriend feels your pain. I can't remember which category, summer veggies? They all share a protein, so no guac, no raw carrots, no raw apples, a few others. Cooked it's all fine.
我老婆也有这样的痛哦。我记不得是什么种类的水果，夏季水果？它们都拥有同一种蛋白质，所以鳄梨、胡萝卜、苹果都不能生吃，煮熟了就没事儿。
[–]ginger_pale_1805 5 3
I’m so glad I’m not the only one who experiences this! My throat starts itching and I sometimes break out in hives and my lips swell when I eat raw fruit, but I can eat cooked/processed fruit with no issues. There are some fruits I’ll make exceptions for - raw pineapple is worth the itch for me - but I mostly avoid fruit because it’s so irritating.
我很高兴我不是一个人！当我吃生水果的时候嘴唇会肿胀，我的喉咙开始发痒，有时还会出现荨麻疹，但是我可以毫无问题地吃煮熟或加工过的水果。有一些水果我可以例外——菠萝——但我通常不吃水果，因为它太刺激了。
[–]impy695 9 3*
This is me, except I've lived my whole life avoiding things with fruit in it that I am mentally unable to eat whole cooked fruits. So I haven't had an apple pie in over 20 years, despite knowing full well I can eat it for most of that.
I get the same reaction with se vegetables too. Cooked they're fine, raw, absolutely not. This whole thread makes me smile because it is so rare to find other people with this. Hearing others go through the same stuff (like the guy dealing with people thinking he's a 30 year old that doesn't like fruits and veggies) is liberating.
More reading for anyone curious: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_allergy_syndrome check out the cross reactions page for lists of foods that cause reactions. The most common reaction when I list my problem foods is "how can you live like that?"
是我，除了我这辈子都在避免吃有水果的东西，我在精神上不能吃完全煮熟的水果。所以我已经有20多年没有吃过苹果派了，尽管我很清楚大部分煮熟的水果我都可以吃。
我对南方蔬菜也有同样的反应。煮熟的很好，生的，绝对不行。这帖子让我笑了，因为很少有人有这样的经历。听到别人经历同样的事情(比如一位老爹30岁了，还被别人怀疑挑食)是一种解脱。
了解更多过敏食物请点击https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_allergy_syndrome了解，每当我把这个表给别人看的时候大多人的反应都是“这你是怎么活下来的？”
[–]Christiphis 7 3
That’s me raw apples and carrots make my mouth itch swell and slight stomach discomfort.
是我了，生的苹果和胡萝卜都会弄的我嘴巴又痒又肿肚子还会有点不舒服。
[–]aboutthednm 7 4
My father can't eat raw filberts, he starts choking. Once that stuff is baked into something, he's all good.
我爸吃不了生榛子，吃了就哽的难受。不过要是其它的食物里加了榛子他吃了没事。
