K400V2S06S3Q1-Q10解析

Questions 1 to 2 are based on this passage:

Sciences

serpentinization / chemical reactions / hydrothermal vents

蛇纹石化作用导致生命起源

①Serpentinization, the reaction of deep-mantle material with seawater to produce serpentine minerals, may help scientists ascertain whether life on Earth emerged from the deepest sea. ②The process releases heat, hydrogen, methane, and minerals—a recipe for a chemical-based life. ③In some deep-sea locations, such chemical reactions, not photosynthetic energy from the sun, supply the energy that sustains living organisms, leading some scientists to reason that life might have begun at hydrothermal vents where serpentinization occurs. ④Vents tend to be ephemeral, however, so some have questioned whether they could have really spawned life. ⑤A newer hypothesis proposes that serpentinization in trenches, rather than vents, could have more readily fueled the first life because it occurs across much larger areas and is sustained for much longer in geologic time. 

蛇纹石化作用是深地幔物质与海水反应产生蛇纹石矿物的过程，可能有助于科学家确定地球上的生命是否来自最深的海洋。 这个过程会释放热量、氢气、甲烷和矿物质——这是以化学物质为基础的生命配方。 在一些深海地区，这种化学反应，而不是来自太阳的光合能量，提供了维持生命有机体的能量，导致一些科学家推断生命可能起源于发生蛇纹石化的热液喷口。 然而，喷口往往是短暂的，因此有些人质疑它们是否真的能孕育生命。 一个较新的假设提出，海沟中的蛇纹石化作用更可能是最初生命能量的来源，因为它发生在更大的区域并且在地质时间中持续更长的时间。

1. Which of the following best describes the function of the highlighted sentence in the context of the passage as a whole?

功能题 目的题 中

前句观点中有不合理的地方，因此会有质疑。

B

A. It defines a concept on which the author’s overall argument depends. 没有证据/相反

B. It introduces a complicating factor. 符合

C. It concedes that the problem posed by the author cannot be solved. 没有证据

D. It proposes an alternative explanation. 干扰项。没有给另外解释，只是在反驳前句观点。

E. It presents a scientific consensus. 没有consensus的证据

2. According to the passage, the reasoning of “some scientists” relies primarily on

细节题 难

因为海底没有光嘛。

B

A. eliminating a competing hypothesis by comparing two related processes 没有证据

B. extrapolating present-day findings to develop a theory about the past 这个选项不是没有证据。要知道这篇文章讨论的是生命起源（past），我们现在（now）了解到光合作用和蛇纹石化作用。

C. refuting a generalization by citing an individual case 没有refuting的证据

D. exploring the implications of new research data NE

E. synthesizing findings from one research site with those from another location 干扰项。没有两个地方的证据。

生词摘录：

extrapolate 推断

背景拓展：

Questions 3 to 5 are based on this passage:

Arts

American women / nontextual sources / handmade objects 

通过手工制品了解18世纪的美国女性

①Faced with the paucity of surviving texts by mid-eighteenth-century American women, historians interested in women's experience have proven resourceful at using nontextual sources. ②Recently, Laurel Thatcher Ulrich has turned to objects hand-sewn by New England women, maintaining that objects such as sheets, pillowcases, and quilts reveal the "flow of common life" while providing a context for political events. ③Discerning the historical significance of these handmade objects is not easy, however. ④Between today and eighteenth-century New England there looms a formidable nineteenth-century mythology that romanticized that earlier, colonial era, with its household production system, as a simpler time of hard work and virtuous self-sufficiency. ⑤This myth emerged as compensation for the extreme wealth and poverty generated by industrialization. ⑥As household production declined, and factory-made, store-bought goods became widespread, antiquarians avidly collected and displayed the handmade objects of their idealized forebears. ⑦Attentive to the ideological distortions of nineteenth-century mythmaking, most historians are wary of trying to discern the original meaning of colonial objects, assuming that, nowadays, such objects reveal more about nineteenth-century collectors than about eighteenth-century users. ⑧By contrast, rather than disparaging the mythmakers, Ulrich thanks them for saving so many objects made and used by ordinary women. 

针对18 世纪中叶关于美国女性的文字记录的匮乏，对当时女性经历感兴趣的历史学家在使用非文字资料方面显得足智多谋。最近，劳雷尔·撒切尔·乌尔里希 (Laurel Thatcher Ulrich) 转向了新英格兰女性手工缝制的物品，认为床单、枕套和被子等物品揭示了“普通生活的流动”，同时为政治事件提供了背景。然而，要辨别这些手工制品的历史意义并不容易。在今天和 18 世纪的新英格兰之间，隐约出现了一个19 世纪的谣言，将早期的殖民时代及其家庭生产系统浪漫化为一个更简单的努力工作和有道德的自给自足的时代。这个谣言是作为对工业化产生的极端财富和极端贫困的补偿而出现的。随着家庭生产的下降，商店购买的商品变得普遍，古物学家热衷于收集和展示他们理想化的祖先的手工制品。注意到19 世纪谣言的意识形态扭曲，大多数历史学家对试图辨别殖民物品的原始含义持谨慎态度，他们认为这些物品更多地揭示了19世纪的收藏家，而不是18世纪的使用者。相比之下，乌尔里希并没有贬低谣言创造者，而是感谢他们拯救了如此多由普通女性制造和使用的物品。

3. The passage is primarily concerned with discussing

功能题 主旨题 中

文章讨论的是通过当时的女性手工制品来了解18世纪美国女性的可能。

C

A. reasons that it is difficult to find sources relevant to women's past experience 没有reasons的证据

B. the emergence of a particular historical myth during the mid-nineteenth century 重点不在19世纪的历史误传上。

C. attitudes regarding the usefulness of certain historical sources for studying a particular period 符合

D. attempts by a historian to discern the significance of certain handmade objects 

一位历史学家试图辨别某些手工制品的意义的尝试。无关

E. a debate among historians regarding the experience of women during a particular historical period 没有debate的证据

4. The passage identifies which of the following as a source of difficulty for historians attempting to draw conclusions from the hand-sewn objects referred to in the passage?

细节题 中

难处对应在第四句。

D

A. The relative shortage of such objects in comparison with other handmade objects 没有shortage的证据

B. Historians insufficient understanding of the household production system that produced these objects 与是否对于家庭作坊体系的理解程度无关。没有insufficient的证据

C. Historians disagreements over why such objects became especially prized during the nineteenth century 没有disagreements的证据

D. An interpretive context applied to these objects during the nineteenth century 符合第四句的描述。19世纪一个浪漫化的谣传的存在干扰了证据的收集

E. A lack of textual sources that might supplement and explain such objects 文章第一句就说了，没有文字记录没关系。

5. Regarding the "myth," it can be inferred that Ulrich would probably disagree with most 

historians over

态度题 中

Ulrich的态度是不怒反喜。

A

A. the extent to which this myth interferes with the use of certain objects as historical source material 有多影响是否能做来源不重要，能保留下来就很好。符合

B. the extent to which this myth emerged in response to forces unleashed by industrialization 工业化的力量所引发的这个谣言的程度。无关。

C. whether this myth contains clues to the original meaning of handmade objects from the colonial period 这个谣言本身并不存在线索。不选。

D. whether this myth was especially widespread during the nineteenth century 与传播广不广泛无关

E. whether this myth was able to compensate adequately for the inequities of industrialization 无关

生词摘录：

unleash 释放

Question 6 is based on this passage:

Arts/sociology

legislation / lobbyist 

自信的说客

Editorial

It is worrisome that the legislation proposed for curbing lobbyist’ influence is not being opposed by lobbyists themselves. Lobbyists by definition are those who protect the interests of their clients by influencing lawmakers. Since lobbyists’ livelihood depends on their having influence, their lack of opposition must mean that they expect that the proposed legislation would be ineffectual.

社论

令人担忧的是，旨在遏制游说者影响力的立法并未遭到游说者的反对。 游说者是那些通过影响立法者来保护客户利益的人。由于说客的生计取决于他们的影响力，他们的不反对一定意味着他们预计拟议的立法将无效。

6. The argument in the editorial is most vulnerable to which criticism?

逻辑单题 逻辑反对 易

找不反对的他因。

C

A. It presupposes that lobbyists’ positions on legislation are always wrong, but that cannot be the case where lobbyists oppose each other. 它的前提是游说者在立法上的立场总是错误的，但如果游说者彼此对立，情况就不可能是这样。emmm，没看出来是不反对的他因。

B. It assumes without justification that the influence of lobbyists cannot be curbed by legislation. 它毫无理由地假定游说者的影响不能通过立法加以限制。并没有这样假定。如果真这样假定了，那游说者更无所谓了。不能削弱，反而加强。

C. It overlooks the possibility that lobbyists believe that campaigning against the proposed legislation would damage their ability to serve their clients’ interests. 有可能。就是这么做没好处反而有坏处，所以他们就不做了。这是个他因。

D. It dismisses without evaluation the possibility that by opposing the proposed legislation, lobbyists could succeed in modifying its provisions. 它在未经评估的情况下不考虑游说者通过反对立法提案而成功修改条款的可能性。这也勉强算个他因。可是原文是不反对，无所谓，而不是忽视了抵抗的可能。

E. It attacks lobbyists as a group rather than evaluating the actions of individual lobbyists separately. 整体和个体？没有证据。

Questions 7 and 8 are based on this passage:

Arts

abandonment / Mayan settlement / sinkholes / underground water

干旱导致玛雅人由南至北放弃居住地

①The widespread abandonment of Classic Mayan settlements began in the southern and central Yucatan, with the northern lowlands undergoing their own decline a century later. ②Some Mayanists think that extended drought caused these abandonments, while others object that the pattern does not match modern patterns of rainfall, which diminishes markedly from south to north. ③However, access to underground water sources should also be considered. ④In the north, the Maya could reach groundwater via sinkholes or wells. ⑤Further south, the landscape rises in elevation, and the depth to the water table increases, making direct access to groundwater unfeasible via Mayan technology. ⑥Thus the more southern settlements, totally dependent on rainfall and reservoirs for water, were more likely to be susceptible to the effects of prolonged drought.

玛雅定居点的广泛废弃始于尤卡坦半岛南部和中部，一个世纪后北部低地的定居点也开始减少。一些玛雅学者认为，长期干旱导致了这些遗弃，而另一些人则持反对意见，认为这种解释与现代降雨模式不符，现代降雨模式从南到北明显减少。 然而，还应考虑地下水源的可及性。 在北部，玛雅人可以通过岩沉池或水井获取地下水。 再往南，海拔升高，地下水位深度增加，玛雅当时的技术就无法直接获取地下水了。 因此，完全依赖降雨和水库取水的南部定居点更容易受到长期干旱的影响。

7. Select the sentence that points to a conflict that is resolved in the passage.

功能题 句子选择题 易

②Some Mayanists think that extended drought caused these abandonments, while others object that the pattern does not match modern patterns of rainfall, which diminishes markedly from south to north.

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

8. The passage identifies which of the following as a possible reason for the chronology described in the first sentence?

细节题 易

A

A. The lower elevation of the Mayan settlements in the north 符合

B. Variation in the time of onset of drought Between the north and the south 没有干旱发生时间不同的证据

C. The higher level of technical expertise reached by the Mayan settlements in the north 没有科技水平比较的证据

Questions 9 and 10 are based on this passage:

Arts/literature

Flaubert / realism / fantasy

现实主义者福楼拜？别逗了~

①In his splendid new biography of Flaubert, Frederick Brown deftly dismantles the most durable myth concerning the novelist—that Flaubert was miraculously transformed into a committed realist with the writing of Madame Bovary. ②Robert Baldick offers one version of the myth: “In his early works ... Flaubert tended to give free rein to his flamboyant imagination, but on the advice of his friends he later disciplined his romantic exuberance in an attempt to achieve total objectivity and a harmonious prose style." ③The only problem with this account is that it doesn't stand up to scrutiny. ④Flaubert followed the realism of Madame Bovary with the fantastical Salammbo, and paired "A Simple Heart" with his hothouse fantasy, "Herodias."

在他精彩的新作福楼拜传记中，弗雷德里克·布朗巧妙地打破了关于这位小说家的最持久的谣言——福楼拜在《包法利夫人》的写作中奇迹般地转变为一个坚定的现实主义者。 罗伯特·鲍迪克提供了这个谣言的一个版本：“在他的早期作品中……福楼拜倾向于自由发挥他华丽的想象力，但在他朋友的建议下，他后来约束了他的浪漫主义热情，试图实现完全的客观性与和谐的散文风格。”这个叙述的唯一问题是它经不起推敲。福楼拜在现实主义的《包法利夫人》后写出了奇幻的《萨朗伯》，也把《简单的心》搭配上了虚构作品《希罗底》。

9. The primary function of the highlighted sentence is to

功能题 目的题 易

顺承说明为什么前文的描述经不起推敲。

D

A. suggest the range of Flaubert’s accomplishment as a novelist 跟range和accomplishment没关系

B. identify certain of Flaubert's works that are often overlooked by readers 没有overlooked证据

C. show that Madame Bovary was a turning point in Flaubert's stylistic development 没有turning point的证据

D. provide evidence undermining a conventional view regarding Flaubert 符合

E. suggest that critics have tended to overrate Madame Bovary 没有overrate的证据

Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.

10. In the context of the passage, the reference to Baldick's "version" serves to

功能题 目的题 中

给出一个关于福楼拜的myth.

A

A. flesh out a conventional view regarding Flaubert 充实了对福楼拜的传统观点。没毛病，看完之后的确更了解关于福楼拜的误传是怎样的。

B. present a framework for further research into Flaubert 没有further的证据

C. offer a useful corrective to Brown's approach to Flaubert 为布朗对福楼拜的研究提供了有益的修正。不是取反的功能。