伯罗奔尼撒战争 唐纳德·卡根（三）
（新鲜的自译小文章，书接上回）
章六（三）
Attacks On Pericles
【对伯利克里的攻讦】
AT FIRST many Athenians hoped that the Peloponnesians would withdraw quickly and without a war,as they had done in 445,but when the enemy began to lay waste the land of Archanae,less than senven miles from the Acropolis,the mood in Athens changed to fury,directed as much toward Pericles as toward the Spartans.He was accused of cowardice because he would not lead an army out against the enemy.
事件之初，雅典人希望伯罗奔尼撒人和前445年一样很快撤走，不必打仗。但是当伯罗奔尼撒人开始撂荒阿卡奈的土地（此地距离卫城不过七英里），雅典人变得愤怒起来。他们的怒火既是冲着斯巴达人，也同样撒到了伯利克里身上。他们因为伯利克里不愿率军出战指控他怯懦畏敌。
The most notable of his attackers was Cleon,who had opposed Pericles for several years.Cleon belongs to a new class of politicians in Athens:not aristocrats but rich men whose wealth came from trade and manufacturing,rather than from the traditional source,land.Such occupations were considered base and unworthy by the aristocratic code that had dominated the democratic but still defferential politics of Athens up to that time.
所有攻击伯利克里的人当中，最引人注目的是克里昂，他和伯利克里作对已经有好几年。克里昂出身雅典政治家的新兴阶级。这个阶级并非贵族，他们不靠土地这一传统资本，而是靠贸易和手工业发财的富人。按照当时仍然主导雅典政治的贵族准则，他们的职业卑贱而没有价值。【1】
Aristophane mocked Cleon as a tanner and leather merchant,a thief and a brawler whose voice“roared like a torrent”and sounded like a scalded pig’s.Cleon inevitably appears in his comedies in a state of anger,a lover of war who constantly stirs up hatred.
阿里斯托芬嘲笑克里昂是“制革匠兼皮革贩”，是个偷鸡摸狗、爱吵架的人，讲话“像嘶哑的连珠炮”，听起来像开水烫的猪在叫。于是克里昂避无可避地在他的喜剧中以一个勃然大怒的好战分子形象出现，连续不断地激起憎恶。
Thucydides calls him”the most violent of the citizens”,and likewise describes his style of speech as harsh and bullying。Aristotle comments that Cleon” seems to have corrupted the people more than anyone by his attacks;he was the first to shout while speaking in the assembly,first to use abusive language there,first to hitch up his skirts[and move about]while addressing the people,although the other speakers behaved properly”(Aristotle,Constitution of the Athenians 28.3).
修昔底德称他“是所有公民当中最暴力的”，他的演讲风格也被形容为粗糙又霸道。亚里士多德评论克里昂“他通过抨击的手段，看来是比其他任何人更大程度地败坏了人民；他是有史以来第一个在公民大会讲话时大喊大叫、使用粗鲁的语言、提起袍子的下摆（还走来走去）的人。而其他的讲话者却能表现得体”（亚里士多德，《雅典政制》，28.3）。
In the comedy Fates,produced probably in the spring of 430,the poet Hermippus says to Pericles:”King of the Satyrs,why won’t you even lift a spear but instead use dreadful words to wage the war,assuming that character of the cowardly Teles? But if a little knife is sharpened on a whetstone you roar as though bitten by fierce Cleon”（Plutarch,Pericles 33.8).
在约前430年完成的喜剧《命运》中，赫尔米普斯【2】对伯利克里说：“萨蒂尔【3】的王，你为何在进行战争之时不奋起长矛，反而用起那糟糕透顶的话语，显出一幅胆小模样？只要一柄小小的匕首在磨石上霍霍作响，你将歇斯底里，浑似凶暴的克里昂咬了你”（普鲁塔克，《伯利克里传》，33.8）。
These mocking characterizations were all put forth by his enemies, but Cleon was actually a powerful figure in the assembly and would play an important role in the course of the war.He was only one of a number of enemies who attacked Pericles,and even some of general’s friends urged him to leave the city and fight.
这些嘲弄性质的人物刻画都是克里昂的敌人提出的，但实际上，他身为公民大会里的强力之人，将会在战争进程中扮演重要角色。攻击伯利克里的政敌众多，克里昂不过是其中之一。就连伯利克里将军的一些朋友都劝他出城作战。
By 431,however,Pericles’ personal prestige has risen to the point where Thucycides could speak of him as”the foremost among the Athenians and the most powerful in speech and action”（1.139.4），and of Athens itself he could claim that it was”in name a democracy but really a government by the first citizen”(2.65.9).
然而，到了前431年，伯利克里的个人威望已经达到顶峰。修昔底德谈到他时说他“在所有雅典人中拥有最重要的地位，演讲和行动都最为强而有力”（1.139.4）。至于雅典本身，修昔底德宣称它“名义上有民主制，实际上受第一公民统治”（2.65.9）。
Pericles achieved such a position not only by virtue of his wisdom and rhetorical skill,or of his patriotism and incorruptibility. He was also a shrewd politician and had built up over the years a group of soldiers,administrators, and politicians who formed a group of colleagues that shared political opinions and served as generals along with him while accepting his informal leadership.
达到这个地位，伯利克里凭借的不止他的智慧和修辞功夫，也不止是爱国热情和清廉品行。他同时还是精明的政治家，经年累月练成了一支劲旅，培养了行政团队。他还组织了一群政见相同的政治家，这些人进入十将军委员会，与他共事，为他默认领袖地位。
The support of such men made it possible for Pericles to with stand the storm of criticism he encountered and to restrain the many Athenians who urged him to attack the Peloponnesian army. Thucydides tells us that Pericles refused to call a meeting of the Athenian assembly or even any informal gathering. fearing that such groups”might make a mistake by obeying their anger instead of their judgment”(2.22.1).
这些人的支持使伯利克里得以抵抗狂风暴雨般的批评，约束住众多催促他攻击伯罗奔尼撒军队的雅典人。修昔底德告诉我们，伯利克里拒绝召开雅典公民大会，甚至不许非正式的集会。他担心这些群体会“因为按怒气而不是理智的判断行事而酿成错误”（2.22.1）。
No one had the legal right to prevent a meeting of the assembly,so it must have been the respect in which Pericles was held, supported by his influence with other generals, that dissuaded the prytanies(rotating presents of the assembly)from calling one.
法律上没人有权利阻止会议的召开，一定是伯利克里对其他将军们的影响力帮助他享有的尊敬使大会主持【4】最终没有召开会议。
With no effective challenges to his strategy, Pericles was free to hold to it, responding to the spartan devastations only by sending cavalry detachments to deter the Peloponnesians from approaching too close to the city.
伯利克里的政策既然没有受到有力的挑战，他便可以贯彻到底。对斯巴达人的破坏行动，他只派出小股骑兵，防止伯罗奔尼撒人太过接近本城。
The invading army had been in Attica for a month, and its provisions were now exhausted.Archidamus, realizing that that the Athenians would neither fight nor yield, abandoned his camp and moved eastward to ravage the area between Mount Parnes and Pentelicus, and then returned home by way of Beotia.He again avoided destroying the fertile Attic plain, persisting his plan to hold it hostage as long as possible.
侵略军进入阿提卡已历一月，给养告急。阿基达马斯认识到雅典人不会出战，也不会屈服，于是放弃营盘，向东进发，去蹂躏帕尼斯山和彭特利库斯山之间的地区，然后取道贝奥提亚，班师回国。他坚持“以土地为质物”方略，再次避开肥沃的阿提卡平原，没有破坏它。【5】
The Spartans had little cause for satisfaction, for the strategy with which they had entered war had thus far proven futile. The Athenians were essentially unharmed and were even now engaged in avenging what damage had been done.
斯巴达人没什么理由可满意，因为他们投入战争时秉持的战略被证明是竹篮打水一场空。雅典人并未受到实质性的损害，甚至现在已经着手准备为受到的破坏实施报复了。
【1】关于对手工业和商业从业者的轻视，在斯巴达也有类似现象。色诺芬在《斯巴达政制》谈到，斯巴达人认为打造盔甲等器物的工匠长期待在室内，把时间耗在火炉边，摧折了形体，消磨了意志，不符合斯巴达崇尚强健之美的价值观，因此看轻这种职业。
【2】赫尔米普斯（Hermippus）。雅典喜剧诗人。
【3】萨蒂尔(Satyr）。森林之神，以半人半羊的形象出现。
【4】大会主持（Prytany）。雅典公民大会的主持者，按轮换坐庄制任命。
【5】阿基达马斯刻意没有破坏的地方也包括伯利克里的地产，一度引起雅典人对伯利克里的怀疑。或许是因为他和伯利克里的私交甚好，也可能出于陷害伯利克里的动机。伯利克里被迫为自己做辩解，并承诺捐献私产，这才度过危机。
——深受伤害的雅典自然不会善罢甘休，面对总兵力三倍于己的伯罗奔尼撒陆军和英勇善战的斯巴达人，他们将如何还击？烈日炎炎，火云如烧，盛夏的太阳恣意照耀，海平线上的黑影吹响反击的号角！次回预告——伯罗奔尼撒战争：逆袭の雅典！
