【简译】西方古典建筑的视觉术语

Abacus - a large slab placed above the column capital to support the architrave or an arch placed above it.

放在柱资本上方的大板，以支持拱门或置于其上的拱门。

Akroterion - a decorative piece added to the roof of a temple at the apex and corners, usually made of clay or bronze and often in the form of a palm or statue, for example of Nike.

加在神庙屋顶顶点和四角的装饰品，通常由泥土或青铜制成，通常以棕榈树或雕像的形式出现，例如胜利女神神庙。

Adyton - the most sacred inner part of a temple, usually at the end of the cella furthest from the entrance, often with restricted access to the initiated or priests.

神庙中最神圣的内部部分，通常位于距离入口最远的内殿尽头；通常只允许受戒者或祭司进入。

Aedicule - a frame formed by two columns and an entablature with pediment.

由两根柱子和一个带有山墙饰的柱顶组成的框架

Architrave - the lowest part of the entablature, the part below the frieze.

柱顶结构的最低部分，即楣板下方的部分

Amphiprostyle Temple - when both façades have columns, e.g.: the temple of Nike, Athens.

两个立面都有柱子，例如：雅典的胜利女神神庙。

Atlantide - a sculpted male figure acting as a column to support an entablature, named after Atlas.

作为柱子支撑柱顶的男性雕塑，以阿特拉斯命名

Attic Story - the part placed above the entablature of a building, e.g.: often seen in triumphal arches.

位于建筑物门板之上的部分，可以在凯旋门上看到。

Buttress - a mass placed to support a wall, especially when the wall bears an arch or heavy weight. Flying buttresses support a weight over space and allow for walls to be weakened by the inclusion of niches and windows.

用于支撑墙壁的支撑物，尤其是当它支撑拱门或重物时。悬臂支撑支撑着空间的重量，并使墙壁变轻，包括开口和窗户

Capital - the crown which joins the top of a column with the abacus and aids in distributing weight. Different types include the simple convex Doric and the highly decorative Corinthian with stylized acanthus leaves.

连接柱顶和算盘的柱冠，有助于分配重量。不同类型的柱子包括简单的凸形多立克柱和装饰性很强的科林斯式柱子，上面有风格化的刺桐叶。

Caryatid - a sculpted female figure acting as a column to support an entablature, e.g.: in the Erechtheion.

雕刻的女性形象，充当支撑柱顶的柱子，可以在在厄瑞克忒翁神庙中看到。

Cavea - the seated area of a theatre, usually built into a natural slope.

剧院的座位区，通常建在自然斜坡上

Cella - the inner area of a temple, usually rectangular and without windows, sometimes columned. Often subdivided into smaller rooms, the largest of which often housed a large cult statue to a particular deity.

神庙的内部区域，通常为长方形，没有窗户，有时有柱子。通常被细分为更小的房间，其中最大的房间通常放置着对某一特定神灵的大型崇拜雕像。

Column - used to support the abacus and architrave without the necessity of a wall. There are several types including the simple and earliest the Doric. They may also be free-standing and often commemorate significant historical events such as Trajan's Column.

无需墙壁即可支撑Abacus和楣梁。有几种类型，包括简单和最早的多立克式。它们也可以是独立的，通常是为了纪念重要的历史事件，如图拉真纪念柱。

Conch - also known as an apse, a recess in a wall often highly decorated or containing a statue.

又称天井，是墙壁上的一个凹槽，通常有高度的装饰或包含一个雕像。

Cornice - the decorative projecting part at the top of the entablature which also aided in drainage of rainwater.

从檐口上部突出的装饰部分，也有助于排水。

Crepidoma - also crēpis, the three steps on which stand the columns of a temple. The final top step is known as the stylobate.

也被称为 crēpis，神庙柱子所在的三个台阶。最后顶层台阶称为柱基

Decastyle Temple - with ten columns at each façade, e.g.: the temple of Apollo Didymaeus at Miletus.

每个立面有十根柱子，例如：米利都的阿波罗-迪迪迈斯神庙。

Dentils - a regular series of squares or rectangles used to decorate cornices.

用于装饰飞檐的规则系列正方形或长方形

Diazoma - the walkway which horizontally divides the seats in a theatre.

在剧院中水平划分座位的走廊

Dipteral Temple - when there are a double row of columns on all sides, e.g.: the Parthenon.

四面都有双行柱子，例如：帕特农神庙。

Dodecastyle Temple - with twelve columns at each façade.

每个立面有12根柱子

Dromos - the monumental unroofed and walled entrance to a tomb, e.g. at Mycenae.

纪念性的无顶和有墙的坟墓入口，例如在迈锡尼的坟墓。

Drum - the individual circular pieces used to construct some types of columns.

用于构建某些类型的柱子的单个圆形部件

Egg and Dart Ornamentation - a typical feature of decoration on cornices.

典型的檐口装饰的特征

Engaged Columns - columns which are incorporated within a wall.

并入墙中的柱

Entablature - the structure which lies horizontally above columns and which is composed of the architrave, frieze and cornice.

水平位于柱子上的结构，由楣梁、楣板和檐口组成

Entasis - the swelling of a column at its base and centre to give the illusion of being perfectly straight.

柱子底部和中心的加厚，给人以完全笔直的印象

Flute - the curved vertical channel carved in a column.

雕刻成圆柱的弯曲垂直通道

Frieze - the widest and central part of the entablature often richly decorated with relief sculpture.

柱顶最宽和最中心的部分，通常装饰有浮雕

Hexastyle Temple - with six columns at each façade, e.g. the Maison Carré at Nimes.

每个立面有六根柱子，例如尼姆的 Maison Carré

in antis - when the walls of a portico extend in line with the façade columns.

门廊的墙壁与立面的柱子对齐

Intrados - the inner surface of an arch.

拱门的内表面。

Metope - a square space in the frieze between two triglyphs, often filled with relief sculpture or ornaments such as shields.

门楣上两个三叉戟之间的方形空间，通常装满浮雕或盾牌等装饰品。

Monolithic Column - a column carved from a single piece of stone.

用整块石头雕刻而成的柱子

Octastyle Temple - with eight columns at each façade, e.g.: the temple of Bacchus at Baalbek.

每个立面有八根柱子，例如：巴勒贝克的巴克斯神庙。

Opisthodomos - The small room at the rear of a temple commonly used as a treasury.

神庙后面的小房间，通常用作库房。

Parodoi - the large arched gateways, either side of the skēnē, through which an audience entered a theatre.

巨大的拱形门，位于 skēnē 的两侧，观众通过它进入剧院

Pedestal - the block on which stands a column or statue, composed of the plinth, torus, dado and fascia.

柱子或雕像立于其上的方块，由基座、托架、斗拱和楣板组成

Pediment - the triangular space above the entablature at the short sides of a temple. Often richly decorated with sculpture in the round.

神庙短边的门廊上方的三角形空间。通常都有丰富的圆形雕塑装饰。

Peripteral Temple - when all four external sides have columns.

所有四个外侧都有柱子。

Peristyle - the rows of columns which surround a temple or courtyard.

围绕神庙或庭院的一排排圆柱。

Pilaster - an ornamental column carved in relief on a wall surface.

装饰在墙壁表面的浮雕柱

Portico - a space for walking, usually columned, e.g.: at the front of a temple.

用于行走的空间，通常有柱子，例如：在寺庙的前面。

Pronaos - the space between the outer columns and cella entrance in a temple.

外柱和神庙内殿入口之间的空间

Propylon - the monumental gateway to a religious sanctuary or defined space. Often incorporating several separate entrances (propylaia).

通往宗教圣地或特定空间的纪念性大门。通常包括几个独立的入口（propylaia）。

Prostyle - a temple with columns only at the front façade.

只有正面有柱子的神庙

Sima - the gutter which collected rainwater from the roof of a temple, often containing decorative spouts at regular intervals.

从神庙屋顶收集雨水的水沟，通常每隔一段距离就有一个装饰性水口。

Skēnē - the background on a theatre stage, later examples were monumental in design.

剧院舞台的背景；后来的例子在设计上具有里程碑意义

Stereobate - the surface on which the stylobate stands.

台基所在的表面

Stoa - a long and narrow columned building often used to enclose a particular space at religious sites and public places such as markets and gymnasia. Used as a meeting place and shelter from the weather.

带有柱子的狭长建筑物，通常用于在宗教和公共场所划定特定空间，例如市场和体育馆。它被用作聚会场所和躲避恶劣天气的避难所

Stylobate - the foundation on which a row of columns stand. Often slightly curved to aid drainage.

一排柱子所站立的基础。通常略微弯曲以利于排水。

Tetrastyle Temple - with four columns at each façade.

每个立面有四根柱子

Tholos - A circular-shaped temple, the most famous example being at Delphi.

圆形的神庙，最著名的例子是在德尔菲。

Triglyph - a decorative element of a frieze with two vertical grooves. Often used in alteration with metopes.

门楣的装饰元素，有两个垂直的凹槽

Triumphal Arch - a monumental archway to commemorate Roman military victories and other significant events.

纪念性的拱门，以纪念罗马军事胜利和其他重大事件

Volutes - the scrolls of an Ionic capital.

爱奥尼亚式的螺旋装饰品

参考书目：

Ananiades D. Ancient Greece: Temples & Sanctuaries. Toubis, Athens, 2010

John Summerson. The Classical Language of Architecture. The MIT Press, 1992.

Mortimer Wheeler. Roman Art and Architecture. Thames & Hudson, 1985.

Simon Hornblower. The Oxford Classical Dictionary. Oxford University Press, USA, 2012.

Vitruvius. On Architecture. Penguin, London, 2009

原文作者：Mark Cartwright

          驻意大利的历史作家。他的主要兴趣包括陶瓷、建筑、世界神话和发现所有文明的共同思想。他拥有政治哲学硕士学位，是《世界历史百科全书》的出版总监。

原文网址：https://www.worldhistory.org/article/486/a-visual-glossary-of-classical-architecture/