英国都铎王朝：风流国王亨利八世以及盛世女王伊丽莎白一世
亨利八世最大的成就是进行了宗教改革。改革的原因主要有三个：改革教会的渴望已有多年，现在又 受马丁·路德成功的鼓舞，许多人认为时机已到；人们痛恨教职人员的特权和财富；亨利需要钱。
Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the Church. There were 3 main causes: a desire for change and reform in the church had been growing for many years and now, encouraged by the success of Martin Luther (1483-1546),many people believed its time had come; the privilege and wealth of the clergy were also resented;and Henry needed money.
改革以一场离婚案开始，以脱离教皇而告终。亨利八世欲与阿拉贡的凯瑟琳离婚，因为她没有生下男 嗣。但教皇克莱蒙七世拒绝取消亨利与凯瑟琳的婚姻，因为他害怕神圣罗马皇帝、西班牙的查尔斯--他恰巧是凯瑟琳的侄子。 亨利改革的目的是使英国教会与教皇脱离联系，成立独立的英格兰教会。1529 年至 1534 年间逐渐地与罗马脱离了关系。他解散了所有英国的修道院和修女院，因为后者对教皇比对英国国王更忠诚。使改革得以进行的法律(如 1534 年的《继位法》和 1535 年的《至尊法案》)有三大影响：强调君 主权力，自然加强了亨利的地位(亨利于 1535 年获"英格兰教会最高首脑"之称号)；议会以往从未做过如此
漫长而重要的工作，结果是议会的重要性也有所加强；尽管亨利只是想摆脱教皇干涉而不想在任何方面改 变神学，但他对教皇权力的打击鼓舞了许多人批评指责天主教会，并希望从天主教转向新教。
The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and ended in freedom from the Papacy. Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon because she could not produce a male heir for him. But Pope Clement VII refused to annul his marriage to Catherine for he was living in fear of Charles of Spain, the Holy Roman Emperor, who happened to be Catherine's nephew. Henry's reform
was to get rid of the English Church's connection with the Pope, and to make an independent Church of England. He made this break with Rome gradually between 1529 and 1534. He dissolved all of England's monasteries and nunneries because they were much more loyal to the Pope than to their English kings. The laws (e. g. the Act of Succession of 1534 and the Act of Supremacy of 1535 which made his reform possible had three important effects: they stressed the power of the monarch and certainly strengthened Henry's position (Henry took the title supreme
Head of the Church of England in 1535); Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of work before. Its importance grew as a result to; and although Henry simply wanted to get rid of Papal interference and did not want to alter theology in any way, his attack on the Pope's power encouraged many critics of the abuses of the Catholic Church to expect some movement away from Catholicism towards Protestant ideology.
亨利八世之后是他的儿子爱德华六世( 1547-1553) ，女儿玛丽·都铎(1553-1558)和伊莉莎白一世 (1558-1603)。真正的宗教变革发生在儿子爱德华统治时期，人们把他向新教神学的转变称为"宗教改革"。 但玛丽·都铎和她的西班牙母亲、阿拉贡的凯瑟琳一样，是虔诚的天主教徒。她在爱德华后当上女王， 后嫁给西班牙的菲力普二世，并试图强迫人们重新皈依罗马天主教。许多人因坚持新观点被处死，至少有 300 名新教徒被当作异教徒烧死。人们称她为"血腥玛丽"。人们记住玛丽还因为她是丢失法国港口加莱的君主， 加莱本是英国在欧洲大陆的最后属地，但在又一次对法战争中失去。多亏码丽，新教主义和民族主义现在
成了永久同义词。伊丽莎白一世是信奉新教的女王，她的统治很受欢迎，人们都感到放心，民族主义浪潮更加高涨。从此，英国一直是新教国家。
Henry VIII was followed by his children Edward VI (1547-1553), Mary Tudor (1553-1558) , and Elizabeth I (1558-1603) . Real religious change came in his son Edward's time. People call his switch to Protestant theology "The Reformation". Mary Tudor, however, was still a devout Catholic like her Spanish mother Catherine of Aragon. When she became Queen after Edward she married Philip I of Spain and attempted to forcibly reconvert England to Roman Catholicism. Many people were persecuted for their Protestant religious views. At least 300 Protestants were burnt as heretics. People call her "Bloody Mary" . Mary is also remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of Calais, the last British possession on the Continent, during a renewed war with France. The reign of Elizabeth I, a Protestant Queen, was greeted with relief and a high tide of nationalism. England has been Protestant ever since.
Ⅲ.伊丽莎白一世(1558-1603) Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
伊丽莎白 25 岁时登基。她是被绞死的安·波林所生的亨利八世的女儿。
她统治英格兰、威尔士和爱尔兰 45 年，一直独身。她对西班牙的菲力普二世和其他人的求婚加以政治利用。伊丽莎白统治时期人民自 信，民族主义高涨，在文学和其他艺术方面、在探险和对外战争方面都取得了巨大成就。
Elizabeth was 25 when she came to the throne. She was Henry VIII's daughter by Ann Boleyn whom he beheaded. She reigned England, Wales and Ireland for 45 years and she remained single. She made political use of the offers of marriage made by Philip II of Spain and others. Elizabeth's reign was a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle.
1.伊丽莎白的宗教改革 Elizabeth's Religious Reform
伊丽莎白的宗教改革是各种观点的妥协。她中断了玛丽女王与罗马建立的关系，恢复了父王建立的独 立的英格兰教会，也就是说她保持天主教的教条及做法，但不受教皇控制。伊丽莎白渴望英国人"对国教 应有表面的顺从，但观点应是自由的"。她的宗教和解政策既不被极端的新教徒(即清教徒)所接受，也不为虔诚的天主教徒所接受。
Elizabeth's religious reform was a compromise of views. She broke Mary's ties with
Rome and restored her father's independent Church of England, i.e. keeping to Catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal control. Elizabeth desired "that there should be outward conformity to the Established religion(国教), but that opinion should be left free. "Her religious settlement was unacceptable to both the extreme Protestants known as Puritans and to ardent Catholics.
伊莉莎白花了近 20 年与天主教徒要推翻她或暗杀她的企图作斗争。一些天主教徒希望让她的天主教徒表妹--苏格兰女王玛丽·斯图亚特--坐上王位，使英国重回天主教。
Elizabeth I spent nearly 20 years resisting Catholic attempts to either dethrone or assassinate her. Some Catholics wished to put her Catholic cousin Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, on the throne and return to Catholicism.
苏格兰的玛丽在 1568 年逃往英格兰，但在途中被伊丽莎白扣留，在监狱中饱受折磨，此时正酝酿着多起阴谋，大多受西班牙支持。长期犹豫不决及推迟之后，伊丽莎白在 1587 年审判并处死了玛丽，这就去除了阴谋 者们的焦点。次年西班牙无敌舰队被打败，彻底结束了天主教针对伊丽莎白的阴谋活动。
On fleeing to England, however, Mary of Scotland was detained by Elizabeth in 1568 and languished in prison while plots were fermented , mostly involving the assistance of Spain.Elizabeth tried and executed Mary,after much delay and hesitation, in 1587, thus removing the conspirators' focal point.The defeat of the Spanish Armada the following year put an end
to Catholic conspiracies against Elizabeth.
2.伊丽莎白的外交政策 Elizabeth's Foreign Policy
在将近 30 年中，伊丽莎白成功地使两大天主教强国法国和西班牙互相争斗，从而避免了英国卷入任 何欧洲大国的冲突。通过她从未实现的联姻计划，伊莉莎白设法与法国维持友好关系，因此英国能面对来自西班牙的危险。
For nearly 30 years Elizabeth successfully played off against each other the two great
Catholic powers, France and Spain, and prevented England from getting involved in any major European conflict. Through her marriage alliances, which were never materialized, Elizabeth managed to maintain a friendly relationship with France. So England was able to face the danger from Spain.
1587 年，苏格兰女王玛丽被处死后，西班牙的菲力普二世在教皇支持下，1588 年 7 月企图入侵英国。 其目的一是推翻异教的英国女王，使英国重归天主教；二是阻止英国支援荷兰，当时的荷兰新教徒正在起义反抗西班牙统治者。
After Mary Queen of Scots was executed in 1587, Philip II of Spain, with the blessing of
the Pope, made an attempt to invade England in July, 1588, to overthrow the heretical Queen of England, to bring England back to Catholicism and to stop English assistance to the Netherlands where Protestant rebels were in revolt against their Spanish masters.
菲力普派遣一支 130 只船组成的舰队入侵并征服英国，西班牙的无敌舰驶向英吉利海峡，但它们不能与英国比较灵活的小型船只匹敌，遭受重创后一阵强风刮散。被刮得越来越向北，无敌舰队被迫绕过苏格 兰北部后再沿爱尔兰海岸南下，但许多船只在航行时失事，只有 53 艘回到西班牙港口。
Philip dispatched a fleet of 130 vessels to land in and conquer England. The Armada (the Spanish fleet) sailed up the English Channel. But they proved no match for the more maneuverable smaller British ships and, having suffered heavy losses, they were dispersed by a strong gale. Driven further and further north, they were forced to sail round the North of Scotland and down the coast of Ireland. Many of the ships, however, were wrecked in their passage, and only 53 returned to their home ports.
西班牙无敌舰队的灭亡表明了英国作为海上强国的优势。英国的胜利决定性地遏制了天主教欲重新控 制北欧各国的疯狂企图，同时使英国在随后能成为强大的贸易国和殖民国。
The destruction of the Spanish Armada showed England's superiority as a naval power. The English victory meant a decisive check to the formidable (counter-Reformation;) attempt of Catholicism to re-cover the northern countries of Europe, and it also enabled England to become a great trading and colonizing country in the years to come.
1603 年 3 月，伊商莎白无嗣而终，由远亲苏格兰国王詹姆斯六世继位，他是苏格兰女王玛丽·斯图亚特之子。这样苏格兰国王詹姆斯六世就兼任英国国五，称詹姆斯一世，他是英国斯图亚特王朝的首位君主。
When Elizabeth I died without an heir in March, 1603, she was succeeded by her kinsman King James VI of Scotland, son of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots. King James VI of Scotland was also James I of England, where he was the first of the Stuarts to take the throne.
