Journal of Labor Economics | Volume 41,Number 1 | January 2023

1. School Finance Equalization Increases Intergenerational Mobility 

学校财政均等化提高代际流动性

Barbara Biasi

This paper estimates the causal effect of equalizing revenues across school districts on students’ intergenerational mobility. I exploit cohort differences in exposure to equalization generated by state-level reforms. To address the endogeneity of postreform revenues due to household sorting after a reform, I use a simulated-instruments approach that uses newly collected data on states’ funding formulas to simulate revenues without sorting. I find that equalization has a large effect on the mobility of low-income students. Reductions in input gaps between low-income and high-income districts are likely channels behind this effect.

本文估算了学区收入均等化对学生代际流动性的因果效应。我利用了州一级改革所产生的平等的队列差异。为了解决改革后家庭分类导致的改革后收入的内生性问题，我采用了模拟工具法，利用新收集的各州资助公式数据来模拟没有分类的收入。我发现，均衡化对低收入学生的流动性有很大影响。缩小低收入地区与高收入地区之间的投入差距很可能是产生这种效应的原因。

2. Understanding the Effects of Workfare Policies on Child Human Capital

工作福利政策对儿童人力资本的影响 

Jorge Rodríguez

Workfare can impact child development by inducing parents to spend less time at home. I study the mechanisms by which workfare policies affect children using the New Hope workfare experiment. The program randomly assigned individuals to a policy bundle including income and childcare subsidies conditional on full-time work. For families with young children, the program had positive effects on child academic performance and classroom behavior. Counterfactual experiments from a dynamic discrete choice model indicate that most of the effect of New Hope on young children is explained by parents enrolling their children in center-based childcare.

工作福利会促使父母减少在家的时间，从而影响儿童的发展。我们利用 "新希望 "工作福利实验研究了工作福利政策影响儿童的机制。该计划将个人随机分配到一个以全职工作为条件的收入和育儿补贴政策包中。对于有年幼子女的家庭来说，该计划对儿童的学习成绩和课堂行为产生了积极影响。动态离散选择模型的反事实实验表明，"新希望 "计划对幼儿的大部分影响是通过父母将孩子送入以中心为基础的托儿所来解释的。

3. A Different Land of Opportunity: The Geography of Intergenerational Mobility in the Early Twentieth-Century United States

不一样的机遇之地： 二十世纪初美国代际流动的地理分布格局

Hui Ren Tan

Has the geography of intergenerational mobility in the United States changed over time? Constructing a large historical linked sample, I show that upward mobility in the early twentieth century was greater for those who grew up in the coastal and industrial regions, in contrast to more recent times, where mobility is higher among persons who were raised in the middle of the country. The historical patterns are not driven by imperfections in record linkage or measurement error in economic status.

4. The Minimum Wage, Self-Employment, and the Online Gig Economy

最低工资、自营职业和在线零工经济

Benjamin Glasner

This paper estimates the effect of minimum wage increases on work that is not covered by minimum wage laws. I find that minimum wage increases in the early 2000s resulted in small reductions in engagement in traditional self-employment. Following the development of the online gig economy in the 2010s, a 10% increase in the minimum wage increased the number of nonemployer establishments classified as transportation and warehousing services by approximately 2.7%. The counties most likely to exhibit a positive relationship between the minimum wage and participation in uncovered work are those with low labor market concentration and active Uber marketplaces.

本文估算了最低工资上调对最低工资法未涵盖工作的影响。我发现，21 世纪初的最低工资上调导致从事传统自营职业的人数略有减少。随着 2010 年代在线 "零工经济 "的发展，最低工资上调 10%，被归类为运输和仓储服务的非雇主企业数量增加了约 2.7%。最有可能在最低工资与参与无偿工作之间表现出正向关系的县是那些劳动力市场集中度低、Uber 市场活跃的县。

5. Education Transmission and Network Formation

教育传递与网络形成

Vincent Boucher,Carlo L. Del Bello,Fabrizio Panebianco,Thierry Verdier, and Yves Zenou

We propose a model of intergenerational transmission of education wherein children belong to either highly educated or low-educated families. Children choose the intensity of their social activities, while parents decide how much educational effort to exert. Using Add Health data, we find that, on average, children’s homophily acts as a complement to the educational effort of highly educated parents but as a substitute for the educational effort of low-educated parents. We also find that policies that subsidize kids’ socialization efforts can backfire for low-educated students because they tend to increase their interactions with other low-educated students.

我们提出了一个教育代际传递模型，在这个模型中，子女要么属于高学历家庭，要么属于低学历家庭。儿童选择社交活动的强度，而父母则决定付出多少教育努力。利用 Add Health 数据，我们发现，平均而言，子女的同质性对高学历父母的教育努力起到了补充作用，但对低学历父母的教育努力起到了替代作用。我们还发现，补贴儿童社交努力的政策可能会对低学历学生产生反作用，因为这些政策往往会增加他们与其他低学历学生的互动。

6. Explaining Recent Trends in US School Segregation

美国学校隔离最近趋势的解释

Gregorio Caetano and Vikram Maheshri

From 2002 to 2018, the fraction of minority-segregated public schools in the United States roughly doubled, but the fraction of White-segregated schools decreased at an even faster rate. Endogenous segregation fueled by parents choosing schools on the basis of their racial compositions can in principle dwarf all other determinants of segregation over time because of social multiplier effects. However, we find that demographic change from Hispanic immigration has been the biggest driver of these trends. These findings are particularly pronounced in urban areas, which experienced the largest changes in segregation and are where policy makers are most concerned about the pernicious effects of segregation.

7. Borrowing Constraints and the Dynamics of Return and Repeat Migration

借贷限制与返回和重复迁移的动态变化

Joseph-Simon Görlach

As wages in migrant-sending countries catch up with those in destinations, migrants adjust on several margins, including their duration of stay, the number of migrations they undertake, and the amount saved while abroad. This paper combines Mexican and US data to estimate a dynamic model of consumption, emigration, and remigration, accounting for financial constraints. An increase in Mexican household earnings shortens migration duration but raises the number of trips per migrant. For lower-income migrants, a rise in Mexican wages leads to a more than proportional effect on consumption expenditure in Mexico, arising from repatriated savings.

8. Putting the Husband Through: The Role of Credit Constraints in the Timing of Marriage and Spousal Education

让丈夫经历： 信贷约束在结婚时间安排和配偶教育中的作用

Murat Iyigun and Jeanne Lafortune

In the United States, age at first marriage was lowest and the education gap between husbands and wives was highest during the 1950s. The conventional explanation for such a negative correlation is that early marriage leads to earlier and higher fertility, which in turn prevents women from acquiring education. Here, we propose that early marriages enabled couples to overcome credit constraints in education. A model that includes this motive and mechanism can replicate not only the marriage and education patterns observed in the middle of the century in the United States but also the overall trends over the twentieth century.

在美国，20 世纪 50 年代初婚年龄最低，夫妻之间的教育差距最大。对这种负相关关系的传统解释是，早婚导致更早和更高的生育率，这反过来又阻碍了妇女接受教育。在此，我们提出，早婚使夫妻能够克服教育方面的信贷限制。包含这一动机和机制的模型不仅可以复制本世纪中叶在美国观察到的婚姻和教育模式，还可以复制 20 世纪的整体趋势。