George Bernard Shaw

Shaw began his literary career by writing novels soon after his settling down in London. With great efforts, he wrote five novels in all. The best known is Cashel Byron's Profession (①886), which is about a world-famous prize fighter marrying a priggishly refined lady of property.

萧伯纳在伦敦定居后不久就以写小说开始了他的文学生涯。经过努力，他总共写了五部小说。最著名的是卡舍尔·拜伦的《职业》(①886年)，这本书讲的是一个世界著名的职业拳击手娶了一个自命不凡的优雅的女财主的故事

 

In a period of ten years from ①885, Shaw served as a critic of music and drama for a number of magazines and newspapers.Those articles were later published in a collection entitled Our Theaters in the Nineties (①93①)

从①885年开始的十年时间里，萧伯纳为许多杂志和报纸担任音乐和戏剧评论家。这些文章后来发表在一个集，题为我们的剧院在九十年代

文学创作主张：

①：Shaw was strongly against the credo of "art for art's sake" held by those decadent aesthetic artists.萧伯纳强烈反对那些颓废的审美艺术家“为艺术而艺术”的信条

2：In his critical essays, he vehemently condemned the "well made" but cheap, hollow plays which filled the English theater of the late ①9th century to meet the low taste of the middle class. 在他的评论文章中，他强烈谴责了“制作精良”但廉价、空洞的戏剧，这些戏剧充斥着①9世纪晚期的英国剧院，以满足中产阶级的低级趣味

3：Shaw held that art should serve social purpose by reflecting human life, revealing social contradictions and educating the common people. 

萧伯纳认为，艺术应该通过反映人的生活、揭示社会矛盾、教育平民来服务于社会。

His career as a dramatist began in ①892, when his first play Widower's Houses (①892) was put on by the Independent Theater Society

他的剧作家生涯始于①892年，当时他的第一部戏剧《鳏夫之家》(①892)在独立戏剧协会上演

Shaw's play, Candida (①895), was produced in New York in ①903; and since then, Shaw's position as the leading playwright of his time was established.

萧伯纳的戏剧《坎迪达》(①895)于①903年在纽约上演;从那时起，萧伯纳作为他那个时代主要剧作家的地位就确立了。

萧伯纳的戏剧题材：

①： His early plays were mainly concerned with social problems and directed towards the criticism of the contemporary social, economic, moral and religious evils.

他早期的戏剧主要关注社会问题，对当代社会、经济、道德和宗教罪恶进行批判

As he wrote in his preface to the "Plays Pleasant", he could "no longer be satisfied with fictitious morals and fictitious good conduct,

正如他在《欢乐颂》的序言中所写的那样，他“再也不能满足于虚构的道德和虚构的善行，

Widowers' House is a grotesquely realistic exposure of slum landlordism

《鳏夫之家》是对贫民窟地主主义的怪诞现实揭露

Mrs. Warren's Profession（①893） but published 5 years later, is a play about the economic oppression of women.

《沃伦夫人的职业》写于①893年，但5年后出版，是一部关于女性经济压迫的戏剧

These two can be regarded as the typical representatives of Shaw's early plays

这两部作品可以说是萧伯纳早期戏剧的典型代表

2：Shaw wrote quite a few history plays, in which he kept an eye on the contemporary society.

萧伯纳写了不少历史剧，关注当代社会

The important plays of this group are Caesar and Cleopatra (①898) and St. Joan (①923)

这个部分的重要戏剧有《凯撒与克利奥帕特拉》和《圣女贞德》

Shaw also produced several plays, exploring his idea of "Life Force," the power that would create superior beings to be equal to God and to solve all the social, moral, and metaphysical problems of human society

萧伯纳还创作了几部戏剧，探索他的“生命力量”理念，这种力量可以创造出与上帝平等的高级生物，并解决人类社会的所有社会、道德和形而上学问题

The typical examples of this group are Man and Superman (①904) and Back to Methuselah (①92①)

这一部分的典型例子是《人与超人》和《回到玛士撒拉》

Besides, Shaw wrote plays on miscellaneous subjects：

此外，萧伯纳还创作了各种题材的戏剧：

The Apple Cart (①929)：about politics; 

《苹果车》是关于政治的

John Bull's Other Island(①904)：about racial problems;

 《约翰布尔的另一个岛》是关于种族问题的

Pygmalion (①9①2)：about culture and art; 

《皮格马利翁》是关于文化和艺术的

Getting Married (①908), Misalliance (①9①0) and Fanny's First Play (①9①①)：about the problem of family and marriage; 

《结婚》、《错配》和《范妮的第一部戏剧》都是关于家庭和婚姻问题的

The Doctor's Dilemma (①906)： about the ignorance, incompetence, arrogance and bigotry of the medical profession

《医生的困境》讲述的是医学界的无知、无能、傲慢和偏执

3：Too True to Be Good (①932) is a better play of the later period, with the author's almost nihilistic bitterness on the subjects of the cruelty and madness of World War I and the aimlessness and disillusion of the young. 

《真实并非善良》是一部较好的后期作品，作者以近乎虚无主义的笔法，描写了第一次世界大战的残酷和疯狂，描写了年轻人的漫无目的和幻灭。

结构和主题：

①：Structurally and thematically, Shaw followed the great traditions of realism

萧伯纳在结构和主题上都遵循了现实主义的伟大传统

2：As a realistic dramatist, he took the modern social issues as his subjects with the aim of directing social reforms.

作为一个现实主义的剧作家，他以现代社会问题为题材，以指导社会变革为目标

3：Most of his plays are concerned with political, economic, moral, or religious problems, and, thus, can be termed as problem plays

他的大部分戏剧都涉及政治、经济、道德或宗教问题，因此可以被称为问题剧

4：his plays have one passion, and one only, i.e. indignation,

他的戏剧只有一种激情，也只有一种，那就是愤怒，

人物塑造特点：

①：he makes the trick of showing up one character vividly at the expense of another

他善于以牺牲另一个角色为代价，生动地展现一个角色

2：Usually he would take an unconventional character, a person with the gift of insight and freedom, and impinge it upon a group of conventional social animals, so as to reveal at every turn stock notions, prejudices and dishonesties

通常，他会选择一个不落俗套的人，一个有洞察力和自由的人，把他的性格强加给一群传统的社会动物，从而在每一个细节上都暴露出一些陈旧的观念、偏见和不诚实的行为

3： Shaw's characters are the representatives of ideas, points of view, that shift and alter during the play, for Mr. Shaw is primarily interested in doctrines. 

萧伯纳笔下的人物是思想、观点的代表，这些思想、观点在剧中发生了变化和改变，因为萧伯纳先生主要对学说感兴趣。

戏剧情节和角色特点：

①：Much of Shavian drama is constructed around the inversion of a conventional theatrical situation. The inversion, a device found in Shaw from beginning to end, is an integral part of an interpretation of life

萧伯纳的许多戏剧都是围绕着传统戏剧情境的反转而构建的。这种倒转，在萧伯纳的作品中从头到尾都能找到，是对生活的诠释的一个组成部分

2：By presenting a conventional hero as a villain, or a conventional villain as a hero, Shaw intends to give a shocking impression to his audience and challenge the conventional way of thinking. 

通过将一个传统的英雄塑造成一个恶棍，或者将一个传统的恶棍塑造成一个英雄，萧伯纳想给观众一个震撼的印象，挑战传统的思维方式。

3：Shaw's plays have plots, but they do not work by plots. The plot is usually the disregarded backbone to one long, unbroken conversation

萧伯纳的戏剧有情节，但它们不是根据情节来创作的。情节通常是一段漫长而不间断的对话的骨干

4： It is the vitality of the talk that takes primacy over mere story. Action is reduced to a minimum, while the dialogue and the interplay of the minds of the characters maintain the interest of the audience

是谈话的活力凌驾于单纯的故事之上。动作被减少到最低限度，而对话和角色心理上的相互作用保持了观众的兴趣

T. S. Eliot

His first important poem, "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," appeared in ①9①5

他的第一首重要的诗《j·阿尔弗雷德·普鲁弗洛克的情歌》发表于①9①5年

From ①9①7 to ①9①9, he served as the assistant editor of The Egoist, a magazine advocating Imagism.

从①9①7年到①9①9年，他担任《Egoist》杂志的助理编辑，这是一本提倡意象主义的杂志

In ①922 he became the editor of The Criterion, which was one of the two most influential literary reviews of this century；Eliot's most famous poem, The Waste Land (①922), appeared in the first number of The Criterion

①922年，他成为《标准》的编辑，这是本世纪最有影响力的两篇文学评论之一；艾略特最著名的诗《荒原》(①922)出现在《标准》杂志的第一期上

He won various awards, including the Nobel Prize and the Order of Merit in ①948. 

他获得了各种奖项，包括诺贝尔奖和①948年的荣誉勋章。

 the early one from ①9①5 to ①925：

①：produced a fairly large number of poems, which were mainly collected in Poems ①909-25 (①925)

早期创作大量诗歌，主要收录在《诗歌①909-25》中

2：published Prufrock and Other Observation (①9①7), The Waste Land and two other small volumes of poetry

他还出版了《普鲁弗洛克和其他观察》(①9①7)、《荒原》和其他两本诗集

3：As a young man with bitter disillusionment and with boldness in the handling of language, Eliot had explored in his early poetry various aspects of decay of culture in the modern Western world, expressing a sense of the disintegration of life

艾略特作为一个有着痛苦的幻灭感和大胆的语言处理的年轻人，在他早期的诗歌中探索了现代西方世界文化衰退的各个方面，表达了一种生活的解体感

4：Most of his early poems are about a state of mind

他早期的大部分诗都是关于一种心境的

5：The poems are dominated by the dark horror of an earthly hell诗中充斥着人间地狱的黑暗恐怖

6：The more important poems of this period are: "Profrock," "Gerontion," The Waste Land, and The Hollow Men

这一时期更重要的诗歌有:《普罗弗洛克》、《老人》、《荒原》和《空心人》

The Waste Land：

①：Eliot's important single poem, has been hailed as a landmark and a model of the 20th-chentury English poetry,

《荒原》是艾略特最重要的一首诗，被誉为20世纪英国诗歌的里程碑和典范

2：With bold technical innovations in versification and style, the poem not only presents a panorama of physical disorder and spiritual desolation in the modern Western world, but also reflects the prevalent mood of disillusionment and despair of a whole post-war generation. 

这首诗在诗体和风格上进行了大胆的技术创新，不仅展现了现代西方世界生理上的紊乱和精神上的荒凉，也反映了战后整整一代人普遍存在的幻灭和绝望情绪。

3：The Waste Land is a poem concerned with the spiritual breakup of a modern civilization in which human life has lost its meaning, significance and purpose.

《荒原》是一首关于现代文明精神崩溃的诗，其中人类的生命失去了它的意义、意义和目的

4：The poem has developed a whole set of historical, cultural and religious themes; but it is often regarded as being primarily a reflection of the 20th-century people's disillusionment and frustration in a sterile and futile society. 

这首诗发展了一整套历史、文化和宗教主题;但它通常被认为主要反映了20世纪人们在一个贫瘠和徒劳的社会中的幻灭和沮丧。

5：The poem is 433 lines long and is divided into five sections：这首诗有433行，分为五个部分

Section I, "The Burial of the Dead," deals chiefly with the theme of death in life

第一节，“死者的埋葬”，主要讨论了生命中的死亡这一主题

Section II, "A Game of Chess," give a rather concrete illustration of the sterile situation

第二节，“一场国际象棋比赛”，给出了一个相当具体的例子来说明这种贫瘠的情况

Section III, "The Fire Sermon," expresses a painfully elegiac feeling by juxtaposing the vulgarity and shallowness of the modern with the beauty and simplicity of the past

第三节，“火的布道”，通过将现代的粗俗和浅薄与过去的美丽和简单并列在一起，表达了一种痛苦的挽歌的感觉

In section IV, "Death by Water," the drowned Phoenician Sailor is an emblem of futile worries over profit and loss, youth and age.

第四节，“死于水”中，被淹死的腓尼基水手象征着对利益和损失、青春和年龄的无谓忧虑 

The title of Section V, "What the Thunder Said," appears to be derived from an Indian myth, in which the supreme Lord of the Creation speaks through the thunder.

第五节，的标题，“雷声说了什么”，似乎源自一个印度神话，在这个神话中，造物主的至尊主通过雷声说话

In his later period：

Eliot produced only two major volumes of poetic works： Ash Wednesday (①930) ， Four Quartets (①944)

艾略特只创作了两本主要的诗作，《圣灰星期三》(①930)和《四重奏》(①944)

The Four Quartets：based on the Christian dogmas of incarnation and resurrection, is concerned with the quest for the immortal element, the stillness within time or history

《四重奏》以基督教义的化身和复活为基础，关注的是对不朽元素、时间或历史中的静止的追求

Eliot had written in his lifetime five full length plays: Murder in the Cathedral (①935), The Family Reunion (①939), The Cocktail Party (①950), The Confidential Clerk (①954), and The Elder Statesman (①959)

艾略特一生还创作了五部长篇戏剧:《大教堂里的谋杀》《家庭团聚》《鸡尾酒会》《机密秘书》《上年纪的政治家》

All the plays have something to do with Christian themes都与基督教主题有关

Murder in the Cathedral, which was written for the Canterbury Festival of June ①935, is concerned with the death and martyrdom of Thomas Becket

《大教堂里的谋杀》是为①935年6月的坎特伯雷节而写的，是关于托马斯·贝克特的死亡和殉难

his inner conflict with various temptations, of which the most serious is the temptation to accept his martyrdom for the wrong reason

内心与各种诱惑的冲突，其中最严重的是出于错误的原因而接受他的殉道

Murder in the Cathedral is the best of his plays in the sense that it contains the best poetry and the most coherent drama

《大教堂惨案》是他最好的戏剧，因为它包含了最好的诗歌和最连贯的戏剧

The Family Reunion ：a modern setting; the story is about a young nobleman who painfully comes to realize the truth about himself, his background and environment, and who, divested of all deception and distraction, sets out on a lonely journey towards union with the divine

《家庭团聚》：一个现代的背景；故事讲述的是一个年轻的贵族痛苦地意识到关于他自己、他的背景和环境的真相，他摆脱了所有的欺骗和分心，踏上了一段与神结合的孤独旅程

散文成就：

①：T.S. Eliot was also an important prose writer. During his literary career, he wrote a large number of essays, articles and book reviews

艾略特也是一位重要的散文作家。在他的文学生涯中，他写了大量的散文、文章和书评

2：His essays are mainly concerned with cultural, social, religious, literary issues. 

他的散文主要涉及文化、社会、宗教和文学问题

3：In "Tradition and Individual Talent," Eliot put great emphasis on the importance of tradition both in creative writing and in criticism.

《传统与个人才能》中，艾略特非常强调传统在创作和批评中的重要性

4：Eliot argued that a poet's mind should remain "inert" and "neutral" towards his subject matter, keeping a gulf between the man who suffers and the mind which creates

艾略特认为，诗人的心灵应该对他的主题保持“惰性”和“中立”，在受苦的人和创造的心灵之间保持一条鸿沟

5：Eliot, as a critic, may have occupied today a position of distinction and influence equal in importance to his position as a poet. 

艾略特作为一位批评家，在今天的地位和影响力上，可能与他作为一位诗人的地位同等重要

 

 

 

评价：

①： When he was young, he was radical, pessimistic, satiric and explorative. 

年轻时，他激进、悲观、讽刺、探索

2：When Eliot had himself well-established,he turned him to the choice of conservatism and a hierarchic society.

当艾略特有了自己的地位后，他转向了保守主义和等级社会的选择。

3：Eliot came to believe that the illness of the modern world was of the sum of individual souls, and that the cure could only be obtained by the change of the individual souls through the religious salvation艾略特开始相信，现代世界的疾病是个体灵魂的总和，治愈只能通过宗教救赎的个人灵魂的改变来获得

选读作品：

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock：

①：Eliot's most striking early achievement. 

艾略特最引人注目的早期成就。

2：It presents the meditation of an aging young man over the business of proposing marriage. 

它讲述了一个上了年纪的年轻人对求婚这件事的沉思

3：The poem is in a form of dramatic monologue, suggesting an ironic contrast between a pretended "Love Song" and a confession of the speaker's incapability of facing up to love and to life in a sterile upper-class world. 

这首诗以一种戏剧性的独白的形式，暗示了一种讽刺的对比，一种是假装的“情歌”，另一种是对说话者在一个贫瘠的上层社会中无法面对爱情和生活的忏悔

4：Prufrock, the protagonist of the poem, is neurotic, self-important, illogical and incapable of action. He is a kind of tragic figure caught in a sense of defeated idealism and tortured by unsatisfied desires. 

主人公普鲁弗洛克神经质、妄自尊大、不合逻辑且无能为力。他是一个被失败的理想主义所束缚，被未满足的欲望所折磨的悲剧人物

5：The poem is intensely anti-romantic with visual images of hard, gritty objects and evasive hellish atmosphere. 

这首诗是强烈的反浪漫主义与视觉形象的坚硬，粗糙的物体和逃避地狱般的气氛

 

 

D. H. Lawrence

Lawrence began his novel writing in his early twenties. 劳伦斯二十出头就开始写小说

His first novel, The White Peacock (①9①①), is a remarkable work of a talented young man, acutely observant of nature and delighting in story

他的第一部小说《白孔雀》是一个才华横溢的年轻人的杰出作品，他敏锐地观察自然，喜欢看故事

His second novel is The Trespasser (①9①2). Its theme is about the failure of human contact and the lack of warmth between people, which are to be further explored in his later novels

他的第二部小说是《非法侵入者》。它的主题是关于人接触的失败和人与人之间的缺乏，这将在他后期的小说中进一步探讨

The following two novels, The Rainbow (①9①5) and Women in Love (①920), are generally regarded as his masterpieces

《彩虹》和《恋爱中的女人》，通常被认为是他的杰作

The Rainbow ：is a story about the three generations of the Brangwen family on the Marsh farm：

《彩虹》讲述的是布兰文一家三代人在马氏农场的故事：

①：The first part is about the marriage and life of Tom Brangwen and Lydia Lensky, a Polish widow

第一部分是关于汤姆·布兰格文和波兰寡妇莉迪亚·伦斯基的婚姻和生活

2：The second part of the novel is about Anna Lensky, Lydia's daughter by her first husband, and Will, Tom's nephew

小说的第二部分是关于莉迪亚第一任丈夫的女儿安娜·伦斯基和汤姆的侄子威尔的故事

3：The last part of the novel deals with Ursula, the eldest daughter of Will and Anna, who carries the story on into the third generation

小说的最后一部分讲述了威尔和安娜的大女儿乌休拉，她把这个故事延续到了第三代

4：Lawrence illustrates a terrible social corruption that accompanies the progress of human civilization

劳伦斯阐述了伴随人类文明进步而来的一种可怕的社会腐败

5：it is the first time for Lawrence to make a conscious attempt to combine social criticism with psychological exploration in his novel writing.

这是劳伦斯第一次在他的小说写作中有意识地尝试将社会批评与心理探索结合起来。 

Women in Love： is regarded to be a more profoundly ordered novel than any other written by Lawrence.《恋爱中的女人》被认为是劳伦斯创作的最深刻的一部小说。：

①：a novel about two pairs of lovers, around whom a series of episodes are dramatically presented

《恋爱中的女人》是一部关于两对情侣的小说，围绕着他们戏剧性地呈现了一系列的情节

2：The two heroines are Ursula Brangwen and her younger sister Gudrun; 

这两位女主人公是乌苏拉·布兰格文和她的妹妹古娟

3：the two chief male characters are Gerald Crich, a young coalmine owner, and Rupert Birkin, a school inspector两个主要的男性角色分别是年轻的煤矿老板杰拉尔德·克里希和学校督学鲁伯特·伯金

4：Women in Love is rich in its symbolic meanings.恋爱中的女人具有丰富的象征意义

Gerald Crich, an efficient but ruthless coalmine owner, who makes the machine his god and establishes the inhuman mechanical system in his mining kingdom, is a symbolic figure of spiritual death, representing the whole set of bourgeois ethics. 

杰拉尔德·克里希是一个高效但无情的煤矿老板，他把机器当作自己的神，并在他的采矿王国里建立了不人道的机械系统，他是精神死亡的象征

Whereas Birkin, a self-portrait of Lawrence, who fights against the cramping pressures of mechanized industrialism and the domination of any kind of dead formulas, is presented as a symbolic figure of human warmth, standing for the spontaneous Life Force. 

而伯金，劳伦斯的自画像，他对抗机械化工业主义的拥挤压力和任何一种死亡公式的统治，被描绘成人类温暖的象征性人物，代表着自发的生命力量。

5： a remarkable novel in which the individual consciousness is subtly revealed and strands of themes are intricately wound up.

《恋爱中的女人》是一部引人注目的小说，其中个人意识被巧妙地揭示，主题线索被错综复杂地缠绕在一起

In the novels of his later period：

Aaron's Rod (①922)：a disillusioned man who attempts to save his integrity by running away again and again from his wife and children, every man is a sacred and holy individual whose integrity should never be violated or dominated

《亚伦的杖》：作为一个幻想破灭的人，他试图通过一次又一次地逃离妻子和孩子来拯救自己的正直，每个人都是神圣和神圣的人，他的正直不应该被侵犯或支配

Kangaroo (①923)： is written out of Lawrence's trip to Australia, gives a rich portrayal of the Australian life and scenery; but the subject is about the struggle for leadership in marriage as well as in politics.

《袋鼠》：写自劳伦斯的澳大利亚之旅，对澳大利亚进行了澳大利亚生活和风景的丰富描述；但主题是关于在婚姻和政治中争夺领导地位的斗争。

The Plumed Serpent (①926)：set in Mexico, shows that Lawrence tries to give symbolic fictional form to his preoccupation with the concept of "blood consciousness,"

《羽蛇》以墨西哥为背景，表明劳伦斯试图以象征性的虚构形式赋予他对“血液意识”概念的关注，

 

Lady Chatterley's Lover (①928)：Lawrence has returned to his early subjects and background of Nottinghamshire . he condemns the civilized world of mechanism that distorts all natural relationships between men and women, but also advocates a return to nature. 

在《查泰莱夫人的情人》中，劳伦斯回到了他早期的主题和诺丁汉郡的背景，谴责了机械的文明世界扭曲了一切自然的男女关系，而且主张回归自然。

Lawrence turns his eyes outward to human society in his short stories. He is using them to expose the bankruptcy of the mechanical civilization and to find an answer to it. Irony, humour and wit are the characteristic features of many of the stories

劳伦斯在他的短篇小说中把目光转向了人类社会。他利用它们来揭露机械文明的破产，并找到答案。讽刺、幽默和机智是许多故事的特点

St. Mawr, The Daughter of the Vicar, The Horse Dealer's Daughter, The Captain's Doll, The Prussian Officer, and The Virgin and the Gypsy are generally considered to be Lawrence's best known stories.

《圣莫尔》，《牧师的女儿》，《马贩子的女儿》，《上尉的娃娃》，《普鲁士军官》，《圣母与吉普赛人》都被认为是劳伦斯最著名的小说。

His poems fall into three categories -- Satirical and comic poems, poems about human relationships and emotions, and poems about nature：

他的诗大致可分为三类:讽刺喜剧诗、人情诗和自然诗

In ①968 with the efforts of Peter Gill who staged three plays known as "the Lawrence trilogy" at the Royal Court

①968年，在彼得·吉尔的努力下，他在皇家宫廷上演了三部被称为“劳伦斯三部曲”的戏剧

These three plays:

A Collier's Friday Night (①909), 《科利尔的星期五晚上》

The Daughter-in-law (①9①2)  《儿媳》

The Widowing of Mrs. Holroyed (①9①4),

《霍罗伊德夫人的丧妻》

have in common the typical working-class environments set in Nottinghamshire

都以诺丁汉郡为背景，以典型的工人阶级为背景

What the plays focus on is the direct and violent emotions of the main characters in times of crisis in their married life. The plays are presented with a higher degree of objectivity and detachment than the novels by Lawrence. 

该剧关注的是主角在婚姻生活危机时期的直接和暴力情感。这些戏剧比劳伦斯的小说具有更高程度的客观性和超然性。

主题思想：

①：In his writings, Lawrence has expressed a strong reaction against the mechanical civilization

在他的作品中，劳伦斯表达了对机械文明的强烈反对

2：Is his opinion, the bourgeois industrial revolution, which made its realization at the cost of ravishing the land, had started the catastrophic uprooting of man from nature

在他看来，以掠夺土地为代价实现这一目标的资产阶级工业革命，已经开始了把人从自然中连根拔起的灾难

3： It is this agonized concern about the dehumanizing effect of mechanical civilization on the sensual tenderness of human nature that haunts Lawrence's writing. 

正是这种对机械文明对人性的感官柔情造成的非人性化影响的痛苦担忧，在劳伦斯的作品中萦绕不去。

影响及创作手法

①：Lawrence was one of the first novelists to introduce themes of psychology into his works.

劳伦斯是最早将心理学主题引入作品的小说家之一

2：Human sexuality was, to Lawrence, a symbol of Life Force对劳伦斯来说，人类的性行为是生命力的象征

3：By presenting the psychological experience of individual human life and of human relationships, Lawrence has opened up a wide new territory to the novel

通过呈现个人生活和人际关系的心理体验，劳伦斯为小说开辟了一个广阔的新领域

4：this frank discussion of sex in his novel is the chief reason why Lawrence had been accused of pornographic writing. 

他小说中对性的坦率讨论是劳伦斯被指控写色情作品的主要原因。

艺术倾向/特色：

①：Lawrence's artistic tendency is mainly realism, which combines dramatic scenes with an authoritative commentary

劳伦斯的艺术倾向主要是现实主义，它结合了戏剧性的场景和权威的评论

2：the realistic feature is most obviously seen in its detailed portraiture. 

它的写实特征最明显的表现在它的细节刻画上。

3：In presenting the psychological aspects of his characters, Lawrence makes use of poetic imagination and symbolism in his writing

在表现人物心理方面，劳伦斯运用了诗意的想象和象征手法

4：By using sets of natural images as poetic symbols to embody the emotional states of the characters and to illustrate human situations, Lawrence endows the traditional realism with a fresh psychological meaning. 

劳伦斯用一系列自然意象作为诗意的象征，体现人物的情感状态，阐释人的处境，赋予了传统现实主义一种新的心理意义

5：Through a combination of traditional realism and the innovating elements of symbolism and poetic imagination, Lawrence has managed to bring out the subtle ebb and flow of his characters' subconscious life. 

劳伦斯将传统现实主义与象征主义、诗意想象的创新元素相结合，展现了人物潜意识生活的微妙起伏。