第八节 英汉思维模式对比
中国人受传统哲学思想的影响,在他们的意识里,人的主体意识、人的重要性
是相当强的。而英语重视客体意识,思维的目标往往指向外界,探求外部客观
世界对人的影响。这种思维差异反映到语言表达上,就是汉语习惯用表示人的词
作句子的主语(或潜在的主语),而英语则有用非生物主语的倾向。钱歌川在
《英语疑难详解》中指出,“我们说中文时,惯常都要用人或生物作主语,而英
文则爱用无生命物作主语。下面这些例句中,“a.”可以说是汉语思维模式,或英汉
思维模式有相通之处,而“b.”则完全是英语思维模式。
1. 不同的人对退休有不同的态度。
a. Different people have different attitudes towards retirement.
b. Attitudes towards retirement vary from person to person.
2.我永远不会忘记这个教训。
a. I will never forget the lesson.
b. The lesson will be rooted in my memory forever.
3. 由于计划不够完善,我不仅浪费了金钱,也浪费了时间。
a. Because of poor planning, I wasted all my money as well as my time.
b. Poor planning wasted all my money as well as my time.
4. 当我因工作繁忙而必须搬家时,玛丽不得不转学。
Mary had to change schools when my busy work schedule made it necessary for me
to move house.(Mitch Miller Popularity That Counts)
汉语是两个短句, 而英语用了一个主从复合句。
5. 跑了有一百码,想说些幽默和鼓励的话,但我气喘吁吁,说不出话来。
After a hundred yards or so I tried to speak to, to offer some great words of wisdom
and motivation, but my words and my breath failed. (Charles A. Coonradt Her
Newly-discovered Self)
汉语“气喘吁吁”的主语是“我”,英语用“my words and my breath”作主语。
6. 整个晚上和他在一起就是听他一个人讲。任何人只要稍微有点和他不同的
看法,哪怕是琐事,也足以使他几个小时不停地驳斥。
An evening with him was an evening spent in listening to a monologue. The slightest
hint of disagreement, from anyone, on the most trivial point, was enough to set him
off on a harangue that might last for hours.
上面汉语中,用人作主语;而英语中,全部用物作主语,凸显了英语的非人称
主语特色。
7. 我会离家去读大学,对此我从未有过怀疑。
There was never any question in my mind that I would go to a college away from
home.
这一句使用了“There be…”结构。
8. 我们必须每天做一些锻炼。It is necessary for us to have exercise every day.
这一句使用了“it”作形式主语。
9. 尽管我期待了好几个月,但我还是没有任何心理准备应付那一天的到来。
Despite months of anticipation, nothing could have prepared me for the impact of
the actual day.
(Karen Odem Bittersweet Memories)
这一句使用了“anticipate” 动词名物化和使役动词“prepare”。
10. 几年后,迫于经济上的困难,我就读过的那所中学关闭了。虽然再去访问
母校是不可能了,但是想到我能随时回忆这些特殊的往事,我感到十分宽慰。
Years later, financial difficulty forced my high school to close its doors for good.
Although going back is impossible, it's comforting to know I can revisit my special
memories any time.
(Karen Odem Bittersweet Memories)
这一句使用了形容词“difficult”的名词化,动名词短语“going back”作主语,以及“it”
形式主语。